Lesson 57 Back in the old country重返故里 双重定语从句 虚拟语气 倒装句

I stopped to let the car cool off and to study the map.

cool off ^{v. to return to a normal temperature after being hot 冷却下来，凉爽下来}

• Cool off with an iced drink.
• By late autumn Mediterranean islands have cooled off, and can have rainy days. 
• Maybe he's trying to cool off out there in the rain. ^{可能他是想在外面的雨中凉快一下。}

study ^{v.examine (sth) very carefully 仔细查看（某事物）}

• I know that you've been studying chimpanzees for thirty years now. ^{我知道你研究黑猩猩至今已有30年了。}
• These proposals deserve careful study. ^{这些建议值得认真研究。}
• You should study this document with the utmost care. ^{你们对这个文件的研究应该慎之又慎。}

I had expected to be near my objective by now, but everything still seemed alien to me.

expect (sb.) to do  ^{以为；料想}

• He didn't expect to see me.
• We expected him to arrive yesterday. 
• The talks are expected to continue until tomorrow. ^{会谈预料将持续到明天。}

objective = goal  ^{n. 目标 ， 目的} 

• Everest is the climber's next objective. 
• Let justice be our objective.
•  It's a matter of setting your own goals and following them. ^{这是一个设定自己的目标并努力实现它们的问题。}

by now = by then^{（增加现场感）在那个时候}

• After crossing the equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead.
• By then, however, in many places, the grass had already taken root.
• She'll have had the results by now. ^{她现在应该知道结果了。}
• By then she was established as a star. ^{那时她作为明星的地位已经确立。}

be alien to … ^{对某人来说是陌生的}

• a way of life that is totally alien to us 
• The idea is alien to our religion.
• Luxury is alien to her nature. 

I was only five when my father had taken me abroad, and that was 18 years ago.

take sb. abroad 带某人出国

• My mother had said she would take me to travel abroad on the condition that I got better grades. ^{我妈妈说只要我能取得更好的成绩，她就带我出国旅游。}
• Herr parents often take trips abroad, leaving her all alone in their big house. ^{她父母经常去国外旅游，把她一个人留在大房子里。}
• If I can afford it, I'll certainly take a trip abroad. ^{如果有钱的话我肯定会去国外旅游的。}

When my mother had died after a tragic accident, he did not quickly recover from the shock and loneliness.

recover from … ^从…恢复

• You will not have to spend the next few days recovering from a long and arduous journey. 
• There're many people who recover from cancer, stroke, or heart disease. ^{许多人从癌症、中风或心脏病中康复。}

Everything around him was full of her presence, continually reopening the wound.

presence ^{n. 含义1： 出席，在场，存在}

• We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence.
• At present, there is no telescope in existence that is capable of detecting the presence of life. 

presence ^{含义2：n. a person or spirit that you cannot see but that you feel is with you in a place 似乎在场“Ghost (人鬼情未了)”}

• His daughter's presence seemed to fill her empty bedroom. 
• They argued that his presence in the town could only stir up trouble. ^{他们争辩说他在城里出现只会搅起麻烦。}
• He barely registered our presence. ^{他几乎没有注意到我们在场。}

continually ^{adv. 不断地；频繁地}

• Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.
• We continually wage war on them, for they contaminate our food, carry diseases, or devour our crops.
• This is what the sculptor must do. He must strive continually to think of, and use, form in its full spatial completeness.

be continually / always doing ^老做某事

• Utilize lean tools to be continually improve problems. ^{运用精益生产的工具来持续改善。}
• Data must be continually managed, or it will fall into disarray. ^{必须连续不断地对数据进行管理，否则数据将陷入混乱状态。}
• Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.

So he decided to emigrate.

emigrate ^{v.移居外国，移民}

• He emigrated to Belgium. ^{他移民去了比利时。}
• Go back there? I'd sooner emigrate! ^{回去？我宁可移居海外也不回去！}
• I'll emigrate to the western woods. ^{我要移居到西部的丛林里去。}

In the new country he became absorbed in making a new life for the two of us, so that he gradually ceased to grieve.

make a new life for sb. ^{为…开创新生活}

• I was determined to make a new life for myself in Australia.
• After the divorce she moved to Buckingham to make a new life for herself. 
• Susan made it clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself. ^{苏珊向我明确表示，她想为自己开创新的生活。}

cease to do / doing ^{stop doing 停止做某事、不再做某事}

• There are rare instances when justice almost ceases to be an abstract concept.
• You never cease to amaze me! ^{你总能让我感到惊奇！}
• When does change cease to be change? ^{何时改变不再是改变？}

stop doing ^{不再做某事}

• Please stop smoking. Smoke really bothers me. ^停止抽烟
•  Does either of the parties want to stop the fighting? ^{双方中有谁想停止战斗呢？}
• Arnold stopped the engine and got out of the car. ^{阿诺德关闭发动机然后下了车。}

grieve ^{v. to feel extremely sad, especially because someone you love has died 悲伤}

• She grieved the death of her husband. 
• The tears happen. Endure, grieve, and move on. ^{流泪的时候，容忍、伤心然后继续前进。}
• It was then I finally allowed myself to grieve. ^{直到那时，我终于允许我自己可以伤心了。}

grievance ^{n. 委屈，不平，不满，牢骚}

• A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State.
•  The main grievance of the drivers is the imposition of higher fees for driving licences. ^{司机们的主要不满是加诸在驾驶执照上的更高的费用。}
• He had been nursing a grievance against his boss for months. ^{他几个月来一直对老板心怀不满。}

He did not marry again and I was brought up without a woman's care; but I lacked for nothing, for he was both father and mother to me.

bring sb. ↔ up ^{把某人抚养大}

• Now her grown-up children help her to bring up their young brothers and sisters. ^{现在，她的成年子女帮她抚养自己的弟弟妹妹。}
• She likes to bring up her child in healthy surroundings. ^{她希望在健康的环境中养育孩子。}
• And to bring up his son Antiochus, till he came again. ^{还讬他抚育自己的儿子安提约古，直到自己回来。}

lack for sth. ^{(fml.) 需要…(因为“缺乏，短缺”所以才需要)}

• Hospitals lack even basic drugs for surgical operations. ^{医院甚至缺乏外科手术的基本必需的药品。}
• His parents made sure that he lacked for nothing. ^{他的父母确保他什么都不缺。}
• They lacked the wherewithal to pay for the repairs. ^{他们需要维修费。}

… for he was both father and mother to me. ^{语义相对的名词并列，常省略冠词}

• Father and son went to New York by a morning train. 
• We are brother and sister.
• Husband and wife are talking about the boy’s future. 
• Please pass me pencil and paper.

He always meant to go back one day, but not to stay.

mean to do sth. ^{打算做某事}

• Whoops! I didn't mean to step on your toe.
• I mean to leave that meeting with a new contract. 
• I did not mean to insult you. ^{我并非故意要冒犯你。}

His roots and mine had become too firmly embedded in the new land.

be (firmly) embedded in … ^{深深的扎根于…}

• The values of honesty and integrity are firmly embedded in our organization. ^{诚实和正直的价值观深深扎根于我们的组织中。}
• The urge to quantify is embedded in our society. ^{量化的冲动根植于我们的社会。}
• Classical music was in its American heyday, centrally embedded in the culture at large. ^{古典音乐在美国处于全盛时期，深深植根于整个文化之中。}
• It was embedded in the frounce pellet. ^{它被嵌入在起皱的小球中。}

But he wanted to see the old folk again and to visit my mother's grave.

folk ^(BrE) / folks ^{(AmE) n. people 人们}

• ordinary working-class folk
• I'd like a job working with old folk or kids.
• Young folk these days don't know the meaning of work.

He became mortally ill a few months before we had planned to go and, when he knew that he was dying, he made me promise to go on my own.

mortally = fatally ^{adv.  致命地}

• mortally / fatally + ill / injured / wounded ^致命地…
• a mortal / fatal + illness / injury / wound ^致命的…

Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will probably remain immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the greatest bridge in the world was named after him. ^反义词

alone / on one’s own / by oneself ^{独自地（没有其他人陪伴或帮忙）}

• She was sitting alone on a park bench.
• I don’t like walking home on my own at night.
• Do you share the apartment or do you live by yourself?

I hired a car the day after landing and bought a comprehensive book of maps, which I found most helpful on the cross-country journey, but which I did not think I should need on the last stage.

定语从句并列 ^{同一层次上的双重定语从句}

1. 两个定语从句修饰同一个名词或短语，中间用并列连词 (and, or 或 but) 连接，此时关系词往往不可省去^{【同一层次上的双重定语从句】}
• This book is intended for foreign students who have already mastered the elements of English, and who now want to use their knowledge of language to read books on their own subjects.
• The past progressive is chiefly used for past actions which continued for some time but whose exact limits are not known.
2. 第一个定语从句修饰前面的名词或短语，第二个定语从句修饰“名词或短语+第一个定语从句” 两个定语从句之间没有并列连词连接。第一个定语从句的关系词（一般是关系代词作宾语） 可省略 ^{【不在同一层次上的双重定语从句】}
• The only person I know who has a skeleton in the cupboard is George Carlton, and he is very pound of the fact.
3. 既是先行词的后置定语，又是另一个分句结构的宾语^{【嵌入式定语从句 (Embedded Attributive Clause) 】}
• …, but which I did not think I should need on the last stage.

She has an adopted son who she says is an orphan. ^{她有一个养子，这个养子据她讲是个孤儿。}
Aleko suddenly acquired a new lamb which he claimed was bought. ^{Aleko 突然得到了一只新的羊羔，这只羊羔他声称是买来的。}

• In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small waterspout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave.
• Turning back down the main street, we quickened our pace and made our way rapidly towards the stream where we hoped the boatman was waiting.

嵌入式定语从句和插入语的区别；插入语去掉之后应对语法没有影响，也对句子含义也没影响

He’s just published an article which I don’t think is interesting at all. ^{（如果去掉“I don’t think ”对句子含义有影响）}
I met a man whom I thought was a lunatic. ^{（如果去掉“I thought”对语法有影响）}

It was not that I actually remembered anything at all. But my father had described over and over again what we should see at every milestone after leaving the nearest town, so that I was positive I should recognize it as familiar territory.

It is/was not that …, but (that) … ^{不是因为…, 而是因为…}

• It was not that Bruce always underestimated difficulties. He simply had no sense of danger at all.
• It was not that Bruce always underestimated difficulties, but (that) he simply had no sense of danger at all. ^{合并简单句}
• It is not that important, but anyway. ^{无论怎样，这并不重要。}

over and over (again) ^{一再地，屡次地，三番五次地}

• I’ve told you over and over (again) not to do that. 
• A quiet day's fishing, or eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again, is usually as far as they get.
• She practiced the song over and over again until she got it right. ^{她反复练习那首歌，直到唱对为止。}

be positive (that) … ^对…确定

• Are you absolutely positive you locked the door?
• She was positive that he had been there. ^{她确信他曾在场。}
• This is proof positive that he stole the money. ^{这就是他偷钱的肯定证据。}

familiar / unfamiliar territory ^{熟悉/不熟悉（的领域）}

• Social work is familiar territory to her.
• All this is familiar territory to readers of her recent novels.
• But how do these interlopers fare so well in unfamiliar territory? ^{这些闯入者是如何在陌生领域所向披靡的呢？}
• Lu is also a reminder that when moving into unfamiliar territory it is wise to tactful and courteous. ^{履卦告诉我门，当我门进入未知领域的时候，一定要谨言慎行。}

Well, I had been wrong, for I was now lost.

well ^{interj.used for expressing a feeling such as doubt, surprise, or anger 哎呦（表达怀疑、惊讶或愤怒等感情）}

• Well, they have a lot of nerve!
• Well, she could at least have phoned to say she wasn't coming! 
• "But finance is far more serious."—"Well I don't know really." ^{“但是财政形势更加严峻了。”—“啊，我真的不知道。”}
• She beamed at Patty. "Well! That was a bit of unexpected excitement." ^{她对帕蒂灿烂地一笑。“哎呀，那真是有些出人意料，叫人兴奋哦。”}
• Oh well, it could be worse. ^{哎，算了，情况本可能会更糟的。}

I looked at the map and then at the milometer.

I looked at the map and then (look) at the milometer.

-meter ^{仪器、仪表}

• thermometer  ^温度表
• barometer  ^气压计
• odometer / milometer  ^里程表
• speedometer  ^速度计

I had come ten miles since leaving the town and at this point, according to my father, I should be looking at farms and cottages in a valley, with the spire of the church of our village showing in the far distance.

come = travel 

• Some of the birds have come thousands of miles to winter here.
• Nearly half the students come from overseas. ^{几乎一半学生来自海外。}
• "I've just arrived by train, " she said. "I'm coming to see you."

(with) + n. ^{(逻辑主语)} + 非谓语 (doing / done / to do, 其中 being 常省略) ^{在立主格在句中常作状语或定语}

• The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights (being) on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.
• It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.

I could see no valley, no farms, no cottages and no church spire --- only a lake.

• here was no valley, no farms, no cottages, and no church spire in sight — just the lake.
• No valley, no farms, no cottages, and not even a church spire could be seen — only the vast expanse of the lake.
• All I could see was the lake — the valley, the farms, the cottages, and the church spire had all disappeared from view.

I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.

decide  ^{v.（在考虑之后）确定，断定，认为(尤其是其后加 that 引导的宾语从句时)}

• The pie committee decided that the best way to transport the dish would be by canal, so they insured it for the trip.
• From then on, Harry decided that this little game he had invented might prove to be expensive.
• I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.
• Her first impulse was to go round all the rooms looking for the thieves, but then she decided that at her age it might be more prudent to have someone with her, so she went to fetch the porter from his basement.

turning ^(BrE) / turn ^{(AmE) n. 道路转弯处}

• He must have taken a wrong turning in the dark. 
• Take the first turning on the left.
• He turned into the narrow street where he lived. ^{他拐进了他住的那条狭窄的街道。}
• Now turn right to follow West Ferry Road. ^{现在向右转沿着西渡口路走。}

So I drove back to the town and began to retrace the route, taking frequent glances at the map.

retrace ^{v. 含义1：to go back exactly the way you have come 折返}

• After a few minutes, he turned around and began to retrace his steps. 
• He retraced his steps to the spot where he'd left the case. ^{他折回到他留下箱子的地方。}
• We must retrace our steps. ^{我们必须返回了。}

retrace ^{v. 含义2：repeat (a journey, route, etc.) exactly 重走}

• We shall be retracing the route taken by Marco Polo.
• They are hoping to retrace the epic voyage of Christopher Columbus. 
• Retrace the progress of civilization. ^{追溯人类文明的进步。}
• So I drove back to the town and began to retrace the route. ^{于是我驾车返回小镇，重新按路线行驶。}

take / shoot / throw / cast a glance at … ^扫视…

• The couple at the next table cast quick glances at us. 
• The other people shot sidelong glances at me.
• She took a glance at her watch before leaving the room. ^{她看了一眼手表，然后离开了房间。}
• He shot a quick glance at his phone during the meeting. ^{他在会议期间快速瞥了一眼手机。}
• I threw a glance at the clock and realized I was late. ^{我瞥了一眼钟，意识到我迟到了。}
• The manager cast a glance at the report before signing it. ^{经理在签字前看了一眼报告。}

I landed up at the same corner.

land up = end up = finish up ^{to finally be in a particular place or situation 最终；最后…}

• He'll land / end / finish up in hospital if he carries on drinking like that.
• He started his journey as a teacher but landed up becoming a writer. ^{他一开始是当老师的，但最终成了一名作家。}
• end up We took the wrong bus and ended up on the other side of the city. ^{我们坐错了公交车，结果到了城市的另一边。}
• finish up After a long debate, we finished up agreeing with the original plan. ^{经过长时间的讨论，我们最终同意了原来的计划。}

land up / end up / finish up doing ^{最终；最后}

• Instead of becoming a doctor, however, he landed up / ended up / finished up becoming a successful writer of detective stories.
• Why is it that I always land up cleaning the bath? ^{为什么总是该我来洗刷浴缸？}
• Damming the river may end up benefiting those who need it the least. ^{在河上建大坝最终可能有利于那些最不需要大坝的人。}
• Robert, why don't we stay up late and try to finish cleaning up after the party? ^{罗伯特，晚会结束后我们晚点睡打扫卫生怎么样？}

The curious thing was that the lake was not marked on the map.

I felt as if I had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes do in dreams.

as if / as though ^{从句中表达与事实相反或可能性很小时，可以用虚拟语气。}

与现在事实相反用一般过去时（be 动词一般用 were），与过去事实相反用过去完成时，与未来趋势相反用 would / should / could / might + 动词原形

• It is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of reactions.
• As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing three guests to dinner.
• It looks as if it might  rain.

注意：as if / as though 从句中虚拟语气为进行时的时候，一般都用 were doing 的形式。

• 'Oh, that,' he said with a smile as if he were talking about an old friend.
• Suddenly, the knocking turned to a forceful banging, as if someone were hitting the door with a metal rod. ^{(The Da Vinci Code)}
• It looks as if he were talking to someone invisible.

stumble into … ^{to become involved in sth. by chance 偶然卷入、参与或陷入…}

• I stumbled into acting when I left college.
• In a moment he stumble into a trap, set by bear-catcher. ^{不一会儿他绊跌到捕熊人设的陷阱里。}
• Some stumble into the business by accident, getting 'hooked' on a particular brand or product. ^{一些企业陷入了意外，获得'钩'在某一品牌或产品。}

I felt as if I had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes stumble into a nightmare country in dreams. ^课文补全

And, as in a nightmare, there was nobody in sight to help me.

as + 状语 ^{连词 as 引导的方式状语从句中常省略主句中出现过的成分}

And, as in a nightmare, there was nobody in sight to help me. ⇒ And, as there is nobody in sight to help me in a nightmare, there was nobody in sight to help me.

考研阅读

In New York, as in some other cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious. ⇒ In New York, as environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious in some other cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious.

Fortunately for me, as I was wondering what to do next, there appeared on the horizon a man on horseback, riding in my direction.

全部倒装^{（把全部谓语置于主语之前）}

1、 表示位置或次序的状语置于句首 ^{只要满足两个条件，要用全部倒装}

这种倒装主要目的是为了突出句末的主语。

 …, there appeared on the horizon a man on horseback, …  ⇒  …, a man on horseback appeared there on the horizon, … ^正常语序

• Off he went. ^{主语不能是代词}
• On the hill John saw Mary. ^{谓语是及物动词}

2、 表语置于句首 ^{这种倒装主要目的是为了避免头重脚轻（主语较长）}

• Happy is he who has a sound mind in a sound body.
• Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay.

on horseback ^{【idiom】骑着马；驾驭着马}

• a soldier on horseback
• They travelled over the mountains on horseback. 

in sb.'s direction ^{朝某人的方向}

• Tony glanced in her direction and their eyes met. 
• She glanced in his direction. ^{她朝他那个方向瞥了一眼。}
• Tom went off in the direction of home. ^{汤姆朝家的方向去了。}
• I watched them leave and then drove off in the opposite direction. ^{我目送他们离开，然后开车向相反的方向驶去。}

I waited till he came near, then I asked him the way to our old village.

ask / tell / show sb. the way to … ^{问路/指路/指路}

• He asked me the way to London.
• Could you tell me the way to the station?
• Could you please show me the way to the temple?

He said that there was now no village.

I thought he must have misunderstood me, so I repeated its name.

This time he pointed to the lake.

The village no longer existed because it had been submerged, and all the valley too.

The village no longer existed because it had been submerged, and all the valley had been submerged too. ^补全

The lake was not a natural one, but a man-made reservoir. ^{不是...而是...}