Lesson 56 Our neighbour,the river河流，我们的邻居 状语从句 倒装句

Our neighbour,the river ^{同谓语前置}

• man’s best friend, the dog 
• God Almighty, Jesus Christ

The river which forms the eastern boundary of our farm has always played an important part in our lives.

play a … role / part in … ^{发挥某种作用}

• The city of Xi’an played a crucial role in the history of China.^{西安市在中国历史上有至关重要的作用。}
• The government should play a more prominent part in promoting human rights.^{政府在促进人权方面应该发挥更显著的作用。}
• Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.
• The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
• John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family.

Without it we could not make a living. ^{虚拟语气的省略(与事实相反)}

If we didn’t have it we could not make a living. ^课文补全

If + S. + did / were …, S. + would / should / could / might + do … ^虚拟语气

• There would be no living things without air. ⇒ There would be no living things if there were no air. 
• In his position, I would commit suicide. ⇒ If I were in his position, I would commit suicide. 

make / earn a living ^{赚钱、谋生}

• He wished to earn a living through writing but despaired of doing so. ^{他原想通过写作谋生，但却对此绝望了。}
• First you should consider how to equip yourself to earn a living. ^{首先你应该考虑如何让自己有能力谋生。}
• It's not a very secure way to make a living. ^{以此谋生终非长久之计。}
• Many farmers have to depend on subsidies to make a living wage. ^{许多农民不得不依靠补助来维持基本的生活需要。}

There is only enough spring water to supply the needs of the house so we have to pump from the river for farm use.

house  ^{n.住在一所房子里的人；全家人}

• Be quiet or you’ll wake the house.
•  If he set his alarm clock for midnight, it would wake the whole house. ^{如果他把闹钟设定在午夜，铃声会把全家人都吵醒。}
• The house was in grief at his death. ^{全家人都为他的去世感到哀伤。}

the town ^{用地方指代住在这里的人(全镇人)}

• the village ^全村人
• The whole town shall know of this! ^{全镇的人都会知道的！}
• the city ^全城人
• the country ^全国人
• the world ^全世界人
• entertain the world
• The whole country was / were shocked at the news.

irrigation  ^{n. 灌溉}

• ... we have to pump from the river for irrigation.
• The rivers merge just north of a vital irrigation system. ^{这些河流在一个重要的灌溉系统的北部汇合了。}
• It was a three-year water irrigation project. ^{这是一项为期三年的灌溉工程。}
• Irrigation is needed to make crops grow in dry regions. ^{干旱地区需要灌溉才能使作物生长。}

We tell the river all our secrets. ^{暗示与河特殊的关系}

tell sb. sth. ^{告诉某人某事}

• In the evening I returned to tell Phyllis I got the job. ^{晚上我回来告诉菲莉丝我得到了那份工作。}
• I called Andie to tell her how spectacular the stuff looked. ^{我打电话给安迪告诉她那东西看上去多么壮观。}
• Claire had made me promise to tell her the truth. ^{克莱尔已经逼我答应了告诉她真相。}

We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.

instinctively = by instinct   ^本能地

• Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. ^{人类本能地追求那些可以保护他们并改善他们生活方式的建筑物。}
• Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillips's ambition and believed in it. ^{普雷斯利、卡什、帕金斯和刘易斯本能地理解菲利普斯的雄心壮志并对此抱有信心。}
• Children do not know by instinct the difference between right and wrong. ^{儿童并非生来就会分辨是非。}
• I divert my sight by instinct. ^{我本能的反应是转移我的目光。}

... misfortune might visit / befall us ... ^{课文写法替换}

• Misfortune might visit us if we are not careful with our decisions. ^{如果我们对自己的决定不小心，厄运可能会降临。}
• It is a reminder that misfortune can befall us at any moment. ^{这提醒我们，厄运可能随时降临。}
• They were unaware of the fate that was to befall them. ^{他们并不知道即将降临到他们头上的厄运。}
• I fear some evil will befall. ^{我怕将要发生甚么不幸。}

relate sth. to sb. ^{把某事讲给某人听}

• She related the events of the previous week to the police. 
• He is unable to relate to other people. ^{他不能够与别人沟通。}
• Many adults can't relate to children. ^{许多成年人并不了解儿童的想法。}

report / recount / relate sth. to sb. ^{把某事讲述给某人听}

• She decided to report the incident to her manager.^{她决定向经理报告这一事件。}
• He recounted his experiences during the trip to his friends.^{他向朋友们讲述了自己在旅行中的经历。}
• The teacher related the story to the students in an engaging way.^{老师以生动的方式将这个故事讲给学生们听。}

We have special river birthday parties in the summer.

special ^{adj.特殊的,专门的，特设的}

• You're very special to me, darling. ^{你对我来说很特别，亲爱的。}
• So you didn't notice anything special about him? ^{这么说你没有注意到他的特别之处？}
• Due to his wife's illness, he returned to the State Department as special adviser to the president. ^{由于妻子的病，他返回国务院做了总统的特派顾问。}
• Every anxious person will have his or her own special problems or fears. ^{每个焦虑的人都将有他/她自己特有的问题或担心。}

Sometimes we go upstream to a favourite backwater, sometimes we have our party at the boathouse, which a predecessor of ours at the farm built in the meadow hard by the deepest pool for swimming and diving.

go / row / sail upstream ^逆流而上

• Learning is like rowing upstream: not to advance is to drop back. 
• We need to go upstream to find the source of the river. ^{我们需要顺流而上找到河流的源头。}
• The team had to row upstream against the current to reach the dock. ^{队员们不得不逆流划船才能到达码头。}
• They decided to sail upstream to explore the hidden waterfalls. ^{他们决定顺流而上探索隐藏的瀑布。}

a predecessor of ours ^{我们的一个前辈（工作上的、事物的前身）}

• The doughboy was a predecessor of the doughnut. ^{油炸面团是甜甜圈的前身。}
• This is the predecessor of Chinese drama. ^{这是中国戏剧的前身。}
• This is the Royal Belgium, the predecessor of the coffee pot. ^{而这，就是比利时皇家咖啡壶的前身。}

hard by … ^{(fml.) adv.  very near to …离得非常近}

• The cafeteria stands hard by our dormitory. 
• There is a little city hard by in which there is a garden of tulip - trees. ^{附近有一座小城，里头有一处郁金香树的花园。}

In a heat wave we choose a midnight birthday party and that is the most exciting of all.

heat wave  ^酷暑时期

• Finally, on the fourth day, the heat wave broke. ^{最后，在第四天，热浪爆发了。}
• Did you forget the heat wave of last summer? ^{你忘记了去年的酷暑了吗？}
• This summer, people flocked to the swimming pool to keep cool during the heat wave. ^{今年夏天，人们成群结队来到泳池纳凉，躲避热浪。}

天气热、冷 ^地道表达

• It’s a boiling / scorching / sizzling hot day.  ^特別热
• It’s a bitterly / biting / freezing cold day. ^特別冷

We welcome the seasons by the riverside, crowning the youngest girl with flowers in the spring, holding a summer festival on Midsummer Eve, giving thanks for the harvest in the autumn, and throwing a holly wreath into the current in the winter.

We welcome the seasons… ^{庆祝四季到来}

• We celebrate the arrival of the seasons. ^{课文写法替换}
• Christmas is a Western festival. Visit fireworks to celebrate the arrival of the New Year!^{圣诞节是西方的节日。回访礼花来庆祝新的一年的到来！}
• Welcome back to the second season of The Walking Dead. ^{欢迎大家回到🧟‍♀️《行尸走肉》🧟‍♂️第二季。}

Thanksgiving Day ^{the fourth Thursday in November 感恩节}

The holidays were to be replaced by specially called Days of Fasting and Days of Thanksgiving, in response to events that the Puritans viewed as acts of special providence. Unexpected disasters or threats of judgement from on high called for Days of Fasting.

• the Puritans ^清教徒
• the Mayflower ^五月花号
• Columbus ^哥伦布
• American Indians / Native Americans  ^印第安人
• the Pilgrims ^{新移民；朝圣者；朝圣客}
• the Pilgrim Fathers ^{清教徒前辈移民；清教徒们；移民先驱}
• roast turkey 🦃
• apple pie 🥧

表达“感谢”

I give thanks to my mother for supporting me all the time.
I give thanks to my math teacher for not flunking me.

After a long period of rain the river may overflow its banks.

a long period of ^{长时间的..、长期的...}

• This crisis might last for a long period of time.^{此次危机可能会持续很长一段时间。}
• She died after a long period of increasing frailty. ^{她日益虚弱，经过一段长时间后去世了。}
• There followed a long period of confusion and muddle. ^{接下来是很长一段时间的困惑和混乱。}
• She returned to work after a long period of incapacity. ^{她病了很长一段时间之后回去工作了。}
• Be sure to do some eye exercises to relax your eyes after you study for a long period of time. ^{在长时间学习后，一定要做眼保健操来放松眼睛。}

This is a rare occurrence as our climate seldom goes to extremes.

This is a rare occurrence… ^{正式表达（名词更庄严）}

• This is a rare occurrence as our climate seldom goes to extremes. ^{由于这里的气候很少出现极端，所以这是很罕见的情况。}
• However, this is a fairly rare occurrence, and it only wastes a little memory. ^{不过，这种情况极少发生，而且它只会浪费少量内存。}
• Vandalism used to be a rare occurrence here. ^{过去这里很少发生故意破坏公物的事。}

a rare / common / regular / everyday occurrence  ^{…发生（修饰名词）}

• Laughter was a rare occurrence in his classroom.
• Unfortunately, computer errors are a common occurrence. 
• Street-fights are an everyday occurrence in this area of the city. 

go to extremes ^走极端

• Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statistics.
• It's not such a new idea, but I carried it to extremes. ^{这不是什么新想法，但我却把它发挥到了极致。}
• However, be careful not to go to extremes. ^{然而，要注意不要走极端。}
• She tends to go to extremes. ^{她这个人比较偏激。}

Our climate is usually moderate. ^{课文写法替换}

We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are affected by flooding, but other farms are less favourably sited, and flooding can sometimes spell disaster for their owners.

a high / large proportion / percentage of … ^{大部分、大多数}

• A large percentage of students passed the exam with excellent scores^{.大部分学生以优异成绩通过了考试。}
• A large proportion of old people live alone. ^{一大部分老人都是独居。}
• A high percentage of the female staff are part-time workers. ^{女职员中，兼职工作的人占很高的比例。}
• A high proportion of five-year-olds have teeth in poor condition. ^{五岁儿童牙齿不健康的比例高。}

spell ^{v. to cause sth.bad to happen in the future 招致，导致}

• If the irrigation plan goes ahead, it could spell disaster for the birds. ^{如果该灌溉计划继续的话，这对鸟类可能预示着灾难。}
• There has been a long spell of dry weather. ^{干旱天气已持续很长一段时间了。}

spell disaster / trouble / danger for … ^招致…

• The lack of rain could spell disaster for farmers. 
• This cold weather could spell trouble for gardeners.
• Ignoring climate change could spell disaster for future generations. ^{忽视气候变化可能会为未来几代人带来灾难。}

One bad winter we watched the river creep up the lower meadows.

creep ^{v. 蹑手蹑脚地走}

• Nevertheless, I managed to creep down into the living-room for two days before anyone found me out.
• Back I go to the hotel and creep up to my room. ^{我回到旅馆，蹑手蹑脚地进了房间。}
• The boys felt tired, so they put out the fire and crept into their tent.

Curiosity swallowed him. ^拟人

• A gentle breeze caressed my cheeks and soothed my heart.

All the cattle had been moved into stalls and we stood to lose little.

stall ^{n.an enclosed area in a building for an animal such as a horse or cow 牲口棚，马厩，牛棚}

• ...market stalls selling local fruits. ^{…出售当地水果的市场摊位。}
• With the balcony blocked off, patrons filled most of the stalls. ^{楼厅包厢被封闭了，赞助人几乎坐满了舞台前方的座位。}
• She went into the shower stall, turned on the water, and grabbed the soap. ^{她走进淋浴间，打开水，抓起香皂。}
• That was ill done, Hans, you should have led the calf, and put it in the stall. ^{这样做是不对的，汉斯，你应该牵着小牛，把它放到牲口棚里去。}

stand to do sth.  ^{to be likely to do or have something 可能…}

• You stand to make a lot from this deal. ^{你很可能会从这笔生意中大赚一笔。}
• I stand to be corrected. ^{我讲得不对，请予修正。}
• I could stand to lose a few pounds, too. ^{这样我还可以减掉几磅。}
• If so, then you can probably stand to be a little nicer. ^{如果是这样，那么你就很可能要变得再友好一点了。}

little ^{adv. 这里修饰loose；几乎不(hardly)}

• As always, he said little. ^{他和平时一样，少言寡语。}
• He uttered little indecipherable sounds. ^{他声音很小，听不清楚。}
• She had little maternal instinct. ^{她几乎没有母性。}

We were, however, worried about our nearest neighbours, whose farm was low lying and who were newcomers to the district.

low ^{adv. 这里指地势低地}

• The plane flew low.
• A plane passed low overhead. ^{一架飞机从头上低空飞过。}
• He hit his head on the low ceiling. ^{他的头碰了低矮的天花板。}
• The sun was low in the sky. ^{太阳低挂在天空。}

As the floods had put the telephone out of order, we could not find out how they were managing.

put … out of order ^{使…出故障}

• But recall that today's drives have very large caches and can put write operations out of order.^{但是，考虑一下，现在的磁盘都有很大的缓存，可被乱序写入。}
• He keeps fiddling with the dials on the radio, he is sure to put it out of order. ^{他老是玩弄收音机上的刻度盘，一定会把它弄坏的。}

be out of order  ^{出故障了、坏了}

• The bell had been out of order for many years. 
• The toilets are all out of order. ^{这些抽水马桶都坏了。}
• The phone is out of order. ^{电话坏了。}
• That lathe went out of order at times. ^{那台车床有时发生故障。}

So let us begin anew—remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. ——John F. Kennedy

• … find out how they were managing to deal with it.^{课文补全（managed to do）}

From an attic window we could get a sweeping view of the river where their land joined ours, and at the most critical juncture we took turns in watching that point.

… get a sweeping view ^俯瞰

• From an attic window, we could get a sweeping view of the river where their land joined ours. ^{从阁楼的窗口，我们可以一览无遗地眺望他们的土地与我们衔接处的河面。}
• he observation deck in the sphere offers a sweeping view of the city. ^{瞭望台，在该领域提供了一个笼统的看法这个城市的一部分。}

critical juncture ^紧要关头

• We are at a critical juncture. ^{我们正处在一个关键的时刻。}
• This is a critical juncture. ^{此时，是一个临界点。}
• The Six-Party Talks are now at a critical juncture. ^{目前，六方会谈处于关键阶段。}
• Today marks a critical juncture in our endeavor. ^{今天是我们一切努力的关键时刻。}

…, when the flood was at its height … ^{课文写法替换}
…, at the height of the flood 

… the height of ... ^{…的顶峰状态}

• August is the height of summer. 
• The storm is at its height.
• The height of the mountain did not discourage them. ^{山高并没有使他们泄气。}

take turns (in) doing sth. ^轮流…

• There is only one computer, so we have to take turns (in) using it.
• The male and female birds take turns in sitting on the eggs. ^{雄鸟和雌鸟轮流伏窝。}
• She told them to take turns to ride the bike. ^{她告诉他们轮流骑自行车。}

The first sign of disaster was a dead sheep floating down.

sign ^{n.迹象、征兆}

• They are prepared to hand back a hundred prisoners of war a day as a sign of good will. ^{作为一种友好的表示，他们准备一天遣返100名战犯。}
• His face and movements rarely betrayed a sign of nerves. ^{他的表情和行为很少流露出紧张的迹象。}
• The snow showed no sign of melting. ^{雪没有一点融化的迹象。}

Next came a horse, swimming bravely, but we were afraid that the strength of the current would prevent its landing anywhere before it became exhausted.

全部倒装^{（把全部谓语置于主语之前。）}

表示位置或次序的状语置于句首，只要满足两个条件，要用全部倒装。这种倒装主要目的是为了突出句末的主语。

不能倒装

• Off he went. ^{主语不能是代词}
• On the hill John saw Mary. ^{谓语是及物动词}

prevent its landing ^{阻止它(文中的马)的登陆}

• … prevent it from landing anywhere … ^{课文写法替换}

Suddenly a raft appeared, looking rather like Noah's ark, carrying the whole family, a few hens, the dogs, a cat, and a bird in a cage.

Noah’s ark ^诺亚方舟

• the Genesis ^创世纪
• the New Testament ^{新约 (Christians 写的)}
• the Old Testament ^{旧约(Jews 写的)} 
• deluge ^大洪水

We realized that they must have become unduly frightened by the rising flood, for their house, which had sound foundations, would have stood stoutly even if it had been almost submerged.

sound ^{adj. in good condition and not damaged in any way 完好的}

• The floor was completely sound. Is the building structurally sound?
• When we bought the house, it was structurally sound. ^{当我们买下这房子时，其结构完好无损。}
• Although the car is basically sound, I was worried about certain areas. ^{虽然这辆汽车基本状况完好，但我担心某几个部分。}

stout = sturdy ^{adj.strong and thick 粗壮的，结实的}

• stout boots for climbing 
• a stout walking-stick
• She was a short, sturdy woman in her early sixties. ^{她是一位六十出头、矮小结实的女人。}
•   It was a good table too, sturdily constructed of elm. ^{它也是一张很好的桌子，榆木做的，很结实。}

The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boat hooks, in the hope of being able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.

wade  ^{n/v. 跋涉（涉水）；可涉水而过的地方}

• Her mother came to find them, wading across a river to reach them. ^{她的母亲蹚过河来找他们。}
• The lake was not frozen sufficiently to bear her, but it was low enough that she could wade through it. ^{湖上还没有足够的厚冰可以托住她，但是水又不够浅，她不能涉水走过去。}
• Sometimes they had to wade waist-deep through mud. ^{有时他们得通过齐腰深的泥浆。}

in the hope of / that … ^{有这样地希望…（引出同位语）}

• Police are carrying out a house-to-house search in the hope of finding the missing girl.
• The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being (=because they hope to be) able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
• The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief (=because they believe) that they are serving the public.
• In the lift her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest; but when she got out at her own floor, both were forgotten in her sudden discovery (=because she suddenly discovered) that her front door was open.
• They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that (=because they believe that) they may one day need just those very things.
• Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought (=because they think) that they have cheated of the best things that life has to offer. 

grapple ^{v. to take a firm hold of sb./sth. and struggle with them 紧紧抓住，扭住，扭打}

• They managed to grapple him to the ground.
• He was grappling with an alligator in a lagoon. ^{他当时正与环礁湖里的一只鳄鱼搏斗。}
• Passers-by grappled with the man after the attack. ^{袭击之后过路人便与这男人扭打起来。}

We still think it a miracle that they were able to do so.

miracle ^{n.奇迹，不可思议的事}

• It is a miracle no one was killed. ^{没有人死亡真是个奇迹。}
• Short of a miracle, we're certain to lose. ^{除非发生奇迹，否则我们输定了。}
• The transformation has been nothing short of a miracle. ^{这种变化堪称奇迹。}