Lesson 7 Bats蝙蝠

Bats

课文介绍

Bats are interesting animals. They are famous for their echo-location ability（回声定位能力）. Echo-location in bats are often compared with radar.

课文文体：科技英语的特点

1、倾向于将动词名词化。（学术文章；庄重、正式）

2、倾向于更多地使用被动语态。（表现出客观，人出现的太多的话，主观因素太强）

Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.

Not all sounds made by animals（后置定语） serve as language, and we have only to（只需要） turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role（which...定语从句）.

知识点（1）Lesson03-46、Lesson04-07扩展

语法：not 与 all, every, everything, everyone, both 连用多表示部分否定

All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的都不是金子

Every machine here is not produced in our plant. 

Both of the substances do not dissolve in water. 

特殊有歧义的句子：

All of the arrows didn’t hit the target. 

翻译1（部分否定）：并非所有的箭都没有命中

翻译2（全部否定）：所有的箭都没有命中

只有全部否定含义：

All civilized people can’t be cannibals.

翻译（全部否定）：所有文明人都不吃人肉

只有全部否定含义：

Not all the water in rough rude sea can wash the balm off from an anointed king.

翻译（全部否定）：所有汹涌澎湃的沧海之水都洗不掉神圣国王头顶的芬芳

避免歧义尽量使用全部否定词：

None of the arrows hit the target.

课文写法替换：部分否定

Not every sound made by animals serves as language. 

知识点（2）Lesson03-25、Lesson03-45

act as / serve as / function as / be used as … （事物做主语）当做……来使用

One of the most famous sailing ships of the nineteenth century, the Cutty Sark, can still be seen at Greenwich. She stands on dry land and is visited by thousands of people each year. She serves as an impressive reminder of the great ships of past.

知识点（3）

have only to do … to do … 只须……就可以……

You have only to press the button to call the nurse.

You have only to click the following link to download the software.

have only to turn to sth. to do … 只需借助于……就可以……

造句：我们只需借助于 1936 年奥运会的具体例子就可以知道国际体育比赛会导致疯狂的仇恨。

We have only to turn to the concrete example of the 1936 Olympic Games to know that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred.

知识点（4）

strictly adv. 英文解释： exactly and completely 完全地

She is strictly a beauty.

It’s strictly a neutral organization. 

知识点（5）Lesson03-49

play / perform / act (the role / part of) …     扮演……的角色

He played / performed / acted (the role / part of) Othello.

play a … role / part in … （派生含义）发挥某个作用

The river which forms the eastern boundary of our farm has always played an important part in our lives.

The government should play a more prominent part in promoting human rights.

Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.

This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. 

The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.

John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. 

 
1. To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions.

语法分析:   

To get a full appreciation of what this means（what… 宾语从句）（To… 目的状语） we must turn first to some recent human inventions. 

知识点（1）熟词僻意

appreciation 理解（书面语）

There is a growing appreciation of the need for environmental reforms. 

阅读真题：熟词僻意

There is, I think, much truth in Patricia Nelson Limerick’s observation（某人说的话） that “lecturing is an unnatural act, an act for which God did not design human.” 

考研阅读：  

With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage（新闻报道）, as well as listen to it. 

Social science disciplines（学科） include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology.

“The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude（自由）, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.”

知识点（2）

写作：名词化

To get a full appreciation of what this means…

… to fully appreciate what this means …

知识点（3）

turn to 求助于…、借助于…

【辨析】

resort to …诉诸于…

We can solve this problem without resorting to legal action.

Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back.

Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside（if... 条件状语从句）, an echo will come back. （that… 宾语从句）

知识点（1）Lesson03-06、Lesson03-34

in the neighbourhood / vicinity of Piccadilly 在…附近

【近义词组】表达“在…附近”：

a famous arcade near Piccadilly

a famous arcade close to Piccadilly

a famous arcade around Piccadilly

a famous arcade off Piccadilly

a famous arcade in the neighbourhood / vicinity of Piccadilly

托福听力：

A. She needs help finding a place to live.

B. There aren't enough rooms available in the dormitories.

C. She can't afford to live on campus.

D. She doesn't want to live in university housing.

对话：

M: Will you be living in the dormitory this year?

W: Not if I can help it. I've been thinking of renting an apartment off campus with some friends of mine.

Q: What does the woman imply?

Answer: (D) She doesn't want to live in university housing.

知识点（2）

【近义词组】表达“返回来”：近义替换、避免重复

come back 

bounce back 

be reflected

A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, …

The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo.

The further off this solid obstruction（比较，相当于条件状语从句）, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo（介词短语当后置定语，修饰主语time）.

知识点（1）

He lives far away. 

= He lives far off（adv）.

知识点（2）

far比较级和最高级

far --> farther（距离上的） / further（抽象上的） --> farthest / furthest

further development / investigation 更深入的调查

知识点（3）

本句话总结：The time and the distance are in proportion. 时间和距离成正比

复习知识点：比较级Lesson03-09、Lesson 03-43、Lesson 03-55

the further off this solid obstruction is（be动词省略） … 

语法：“越…越…”比较

1）.两个the 分别放在句首，前半句从句，后半句是主句，从前往后翻译

The harder they worked(前半句从句，类似条件状语从句) the hungrier they became. （后半句是主句）

The more he gets, the more he wants

The harder you work, the greater progress you will（时态：主将从现） make.

It seems that the further cats fall, the less they are likely to injure themselves.

主句倒装

The younger the child is （从句）, the more is the child’s need of sleep. （主句，倒装）

The more democracy spreads, the stronger become（倒装） the forces of peace. 

如果谓语动词是be动词，这种句型可省略:

The younger the child is, the more is / will be the child’s need of sleep.

The younger the child, the more the child’s need of sleep. （be动词省略）

The higher the standard of living, the greater the amount of paper used. （be动词省略）

The higher the standard of living is, the greater is / will be（倒装） the amount of paper used.

The stronger the magnet, the greater the number of lines of magnetic force. （be动词省略）

The stronger the magnet is, the greater is （倒装）the number of lines of magnetic force.

The greater the percentage of such customers, the weaker the argument’s evidence as an indication of customer satisfaction with the change.

The greater the percentage of such customers is, the weaker is the argument’s evidence as an indication of customer satisfaction with the change.

课文写法替换：Lesson03-44

Needless to say, the bigger the risk an insurance company takes, the higher the premium you will have to pay.

Needless to say, the bigger the risk an insurance company takes is, the higher will be（倒装） the premium you will have to pay. 

2）.第一句the加比较级放在句中，第二句the加比较级放在句首，只能先翻译后半句，再翻译前半句

They became (the) hungrier （前半句是主句）the harder they worked.（后半句是从句）

I play (the) better（主句）, the more（从句） I practice. 

The more（从句） I practice, the better（主句） I play.

A compound is considered the more stable（主句）, the smaller（从句） its potential energy.

We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die（主句） the older we get（从句）, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. 

A telescope would have to be as far away as the planet Jupiter to look for life in outer space, because the dust becomes thinner（主句） the further we travel（从句） towards the outer edges of our own solar system.

A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated.

A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship（后置定语） will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the

receipt of the echoes（between... 后置定语,修饰interval）（by… 方式状语）, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated.

知识点（1）

【近义词组】表达“返回来”：近义替换、避免重复

come back 

bounce back 

be reflected

will be reflected 

= will come back 

= will bounce back 

知识点（2）

【近义词组】表达“海床”：

sea bottom 

= sea bed 

= sea floor

知识点（3）

使用名词更正式:

… between the taps and the receipt of the echoes… 

… between the tapping and receiving the echoes 

使用被动,突出客观性:

… sb. can calculate sth.

sth. can be calculated 

sound will be reflected depth can be calculated

So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships.

知识点（1）

正常语序：

The echo-sounding apparatus was born so.

倒装：避免头重脚轻，后置定语连接

So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships.

Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.

Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to（[idiom] 因…而异）  the size and nature of the object.

知识点（1）

vary according to sth. 因…而异、随…而变化

造句：每一个退休工人都可以得到一笔退休金 (pension)，根据职务(post) 和工作年限 (working period) 而有所不同。

Every retired worker can receive a pension, varying according to his post and working period.

A shoal of fish will do this.

知识点（1）

课文补全：

A shoal of fish will reflect a sound, varying according to its size and nature.

So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish.

知识点（1）

comparatively adv. relatively 相对

It is a comparatively simple step from A to B.  从A到B只有相对比较简单的一小步

It is a small step from A to B. 从A到B只有一小步

small step 一小步

That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. —— Neil Armstrong 

It is a small step from loving a man to hating him.

It is a small step from loving a man to the bone to hating him to the core.

With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.

语法分析:   

With experience, and with improved apparatus（方式状语）, it（形式主语）is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish（宾语从句）, by the pattern of its echo（方式状语）. （not only to… 真正主语）（but to … 真正主语）

知识点（1）

写作：避免出现赘词

with experience （固定搭配）随着经验的积累

with accumulating experience X 错误搭配（赘词）

【扩展】（赘词）

with time 随着时间的流逝、逐渐地、慢慢地

with passing time X 错误搭配（赘词）

with seasons 随着季节地更替

with changing seasons X 错误搭配（赘词）

the cause of justice（抽象词） 正义事业

the cause of（多余） national reunification（实意词） X 错误搭配（赘词）

accelerate the speed of economic reform X 错误搭配（赘词）

The captain knew that his attempt would not be the only attempt. （重复）

The captain knew that his attempt would not be the only one. （没有简洁多少）

The captain knew that his would not be the only attempt. （简洁）

Our age is a tragic age. （重复）

Our age is a tragic one. （没有简洁多少）

Ours is a tragic age. （简洁）—— Shakespeare

名家谈写作：Brevity is beauty. 简洁即是美。

Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. —— 斯特伦克 (William Strunk Jr.)

生动有力的写作是简洁的。 一个句子不应有多余的词，一个段落不应有多余的句子，这与绘画不应有多余的线条和机器不应有多余的部件相同。

知识点（2）

to tell if it is herring …

课文写法替换：

… to distinguish different species of fish … 

知识点（3）

by prep. 根据

= according to …

Even by modern standards, the 46,000 ton Titanic was a colossal ship.

It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles -- or locate flying insects on which they feed.

it（形式主语）has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes（方式状语）, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles—or locate flying insects on which they feed（定语从句）. （that...主语从句）

知识点（1）

emit v. 放射，发射

【词根】

emit: “e ”(out) + “mit ”(send) 

submit “sub ”(under) + “mit ” 

transmit: “trans ” (across)+ “mit ” 

※ sexually transmitted diseases 

※ The US open will be transmitted live via satellite.

vomit: “vo ”(eat) + “mit ”

omit: “o ”=“ob ”(away) + “mit ”

知识点（2）

steer clear of … 躲开

= avoid … 

= get around … 

※ We tried to steer clear of political issues.

※ I steered clear of the main roads where I might be recognized.

知识点（3）

feed on sth. 以…为主食

※ Cows feed on hay. 

prey on sth.（动物，扑食）以…为主食

※ Owls prey on mice. 

live on sth. （人）以…为主食

This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.

This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar（定语从句）.

知识点（1）

compare A with / to B  A与B对比；既可以强调AB的相似之处，也可强调AB的区别

contrast A with B A与B对比；强调AB的明显不同

知识点（2）Lesson03-32 定语从句

语法：“名词 + 介词 + 关系代词” 引导非限定性定语从句；前提是定语从句修饰的不是先行词本身，而是先行词相关的东西或一部分

造句：他有两个儿子，其中的一个死于战火。

He has two sons, one of whom died in the war.

造句：演讲者提了 (pose) 四个问题，它们的答案被证明非常具有启发性(illuminating)。

The speaker posed four questions, the answers to which proved very illuminating.

She hurried home to feed her cats, one of which had just had kittens.

The most valuable find of all was the ship's log book, parts of which it was still possible to read.