Lesson 8 Trading standards贸易标准

Trading standards

知识点（1）

英文解释： 

trading adj. 贸易的，商业的

※ trading standards 贸易标准

※ trading partner 贸易伙伴

Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables.

Chickens slaughtered in the United States（后置定语）, claim officials in Brussels（后置定语，修饰officials）（插入语）, are not fit to grace European tables. 

知识点（1）

写作：本句话突出的是说话的内容，把说话的人降为插入语

※ Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables.

※ 重心偏移：将说话的人降为插入语

※ Officials in Brussels claim that chickens slaughtered in the United States are not fit to grace European tables.

※ 突出说话内容：Lesson03-02

※ ‘I’m trying to repair the bell,’ answered Bill（插入语）. ‘I’ve been coming up here night after night for weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise.’

※ ‘You certainly did give me a surprise!’ said the vicar（插入语）. ‘You’ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I’m glad the bell is working again.’

※ 突出说话内容：Lesson03-07

※ ‘So long as there’s something to identify, we will give people their money back,’ said a spokeswoman for the Bank（插入语）. ‘Last year, we paid $1.5m on 21,000 claims. ’

知识点（2）

official n.政府官员

※ a local / embassy official 

official adj.政府的、官方的

※ official corruption / attitude

【近义词】

bureaucrat n. （贬义）官僚；官僚主义者

bureaucracy n. 官僚主义；官僚机构；官僚政治

civil servant n. 公务员；政府官员

知识点（3）课文地点介绍

Brussels（布鲁塞尔）: the capital and largest city in Belgium（比利时）, centrally situated in northern Europe. Brussels is internationally important as the headquarters（总部） of the European Union (EU) （欧盟）and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) （北约）.

知识点（4）

写作：自由直接引语 free direct speech

引用某人的说话原文，没有引号；多用于新闻英语

知识点（5）

… are not fit to grace European tables.

委婉表达：这句实际表达的是“美国的鸡不干净”

※ 言下之意：

※ Chickens slaughtered in the United States are of poor quality.质量低劣

※ Chickens slaughtered in the United States don’t meet European standards.不符合欧洲标准

【扩展】

切记：外交场合；用词不能太直接、不能伤害对方感情

political correctness 政治正确

直接表达 委婉表达

unemployed between jobs

She is pregnant. She is knitting a tiny garment.

dustman garbologist

butcher meat technologist

housewife domestic engineer

the disabled / handicapped 残疾的

the physically challenged  （委婉）残疾的

the mentally challenged （委婉）智障

the vertically challenged （委婉）侏儒

the horizontally challenged （委婉）肥胖

No, say the Americans: our fowl are fine, we simply clean them in a different way.

知识点（1）

fowl  [C]（单复同形）家禽（尤其指鸡）

poultry [C]n. 家禽

livestock / stock [U]n. 牲畜；家畜

These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.

These days, it is（强调句，强调句子主语） differences in national regulations（介词短语当后置定语）, far more than tariffs（插入语）, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.

知识点（1）Lesson03-03 

时间状语“当今，现如今”： 指当今没有介词“in”

these days

today 

nowadays

in those days 想当初

※ In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money.

※ In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere.

知识点（2）强调句复习

it is / was … that / who … 

知识点（3）

more than sth. 不仅仅是……

※ Peace is more than the absence of war. 

more than + adj./adv. 极其/非常…… 

※ He is more than selfish. 他自私极了

※ 托福听力真题： 

A. She can't help the man look for another platter.

B. She forgot the platter had been broken.

C. She didn't realize the platter had been broken.

D. She doesn't want the man to replace the platter.

※ M: I don’t know how I managed to break that platter. I’ll be more than happy (非常乐意) to buy you a new one.

※ W: Forget about it. Some things just can’t be helped. 

※ Q: What does the woman mean?

※ Answer: (D) She doesn't want the man to replace the platter.

more than A can / could … 是某人无法、不能… Lesson03-43

※ I looked into the boy's serious but eager face and asked him, "Do you want any more books?"

※ "Yes, more than I can ever get," he replied.

※ When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear.

※ Dancing proved to be more than the dish could bear, for during the party it capsized and sank in seven feet of water.

※ The story is more than I can believe. (无法相信)

※ The beauty of the West Lake is more than words can describe.无法描述

※ Such a complicated situation is far more than we could anticipate and deal with.

知识点（4）

put sand in the wheels of [idiom] 阻碍、妨碍

= put obstacles in the way of [idiom]

= stand in the way of [idiom]

= hinder

= impede

= hamper

※ There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality.

知识点（5）【课文仿写】

※ 造句：现如今，是风俗习惯的差异，而远不仅仅是语言问题，阻碍了跨国婚姻 (transnational marriage)。

※ These days, it is differences in habits and customs, far more than languages, that put sand in the wheels of transnational marriages.

It is not just farmers who are complaining.

An electric razor that meets the European Union's safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States, and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU's okay before it hits the market in Europe.

An electric razor that meets the European Union’s safety standards（that ...定语从句，修饰razor） must be approved by American testers before（才） it can be sold in the United States（时间状语从句）, and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU’s okay before（才） it hits the market in Europe（时间状语从句）.

知识点（1）

 meet 符合

【近义词】表达“符合”：

reach 

pass

live up to 

satisfy

 fulfill

※ ~~~ standards 符合标准

知识点（2）

approve vt. to officially accept sth. （官方正式）批准

※ The budget has been approved by the legislature.

【反义词】

reject vt.驳回

※ His application has been rejected. 

【辨析】

approve of … 同意

※ Catherine’s parents now approve of her marriage. 

disapprove of  不同意

frown on 不同意

知识点（3）

okay

= agreement

= permission

= approval

※ 课文写法替换：

※ … must be approved by the EU’s testers. 

知识点（4）

hit v. arrive at; reach 到达

※ 课文写法替换：

※ … before it can be sold in Europe.

知识点（5）

写作：contrast 对照；上下文语义相对、故意用不同的结构，让句式更富于变化

※ Men always want to be a woman’s first love; women have a more subtle instinct: what they like is to be a man’s last romance. 

Lesson03-29、Lesson04-05

写作：antithesis 对比；；上下文语义相对、句式工整

※ There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.

※ When poverty comes in at the door, love leaps out at the window.

※ A mother takes twenty years to make a man of her boy, and another woman takes twenty minutes to make a fool of him.

As it happens, a razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute Americans.

知识点（1）

as it happen 碰巧

as luck would have it 碰巧

So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic, why have two lots of tests where one would do?

知识点（1）

business [C]n.公司

business [U]n.生意、事情

※ He has done a lot of business here in China.

知识点（2）

why + do（动词原形） 质问语气

※ Why worry about such trifles? 

why not do 建议做

※ Why not try to train your character? 

知识点（3）

lot n. set; collection; group 套、群、组

知识点（4）

do v. be enough 足够的

※ 对话

※ Don't you want something to eat?

※ OK. Two burgers will do.

Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test many products.

Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test many products（which...定语从句）. （so… 结果状语从句）

知识点（1）

in principle 英文解释： if you agree sth. in principle, you agree a general plan or idea but have not yet considered the details 原则上，大致上

※ The government has agreed in principle to a referendum.

They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28th.

Although negotiators are optimistic, the details are complex enough that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all.

Although negotiators are optimistic（让步状语从句）, the details are complex enough（如此的） that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all（结果状语从句）.

知识点（1）

optimistic adj.乐观的

be optimistic about … 对…很乐观

※ Bankers are cautiously optimistic about（谨慎乐观） the country’s economic future.

【同根词】

optimism  n. 乐观；乐观主义

optimist n. 乐观主义者；乐天派

【反义词组】

pessimistic adj. 悲观的，厌世的；悲观主义的

be pessimistic about … 对…很悲观

※ He remains deeply pessimistic about the peace process. 

pessimism n. 悲观，悲观情绪；厌世主义

pessimist n. 悲观主义者

知识点（2）

enough adj. 足够的

※ The room is large enough to take another bed.

【辨析】

be … enough to do 太… 以至于…

= be so … as to do

※ They are rash enough to cross the pass on foot. 

※ They are so rash as to cross the pass on foot.

= be … enough that … 太… 以至于…

= be so … that …

知识点（3）

be hard-pressed to do sth. 某事太复杂，不大可能成功或发生

※ Owing to shortage of staff, the emergency services were hard-pressed to deal with the accident.

be hard-pressed to do sth. at all 某事太复杂，根本不大可能成功或发生

Why? One difficulty is to construct the agreements.

知识点（1）

construct 起草

※ construct a sentence 造句

※ construct an agreement 起草一份协议

The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and then hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing.

The Americans would happily reach one accord（协议，同义替换） on standards（方面状语） for medical（目的状语） devices and then hammer out different pacts （协议，同义替换） covering, say（插入语）, electronic goods and drug manufacturing（后置定语,修饰pacts）.

知识点（1）

cover 涵盖、覆盖、包括了

※ The course covers all aspects of business and law. 

【近义词】表达“涵盖、覆盖、包括了”：

embrace / encompass

※ The term ‘mankind’ embraces / encompasses men, women, and children.

※ 考研英语（阅读真题）：

※ In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

※ 考研英语（阅读真题）：

※ “Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.

知识点（2）

say / let’s say: 假定，比方说

※ Let’s go out for a walk, (let’s) say, along the river.

The EU -- following fine continental traditions -- wants agreement on general principles, which could be applied to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries.

The EU —following fine continental traditions（插入语）— wants agreement on general principles, which could be applied to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries. （which...定语从句）

知识点（1）

follow 遵循着、按照…去做

※ 对话：

※ —You wanted me dead, Paul.

※ —Just following orders.

※ —Sent me to the chair for sth. I didn’t do, all for your president. You were willing to do that.

※ —Just … following … orders.

follow the crowd / herd 随大流

follow one’s example / lead 按照某人的做法跟着做、效法

※ I don’t want you to follow my example / lead and rush into marriage.

知识点（2）

continental adj. 大陆的；欧洲大陆的

※ a continental climate 

Continental 默认欧洲大陆（英语环境）

the continent / Continent 默认欧洲大陆（英语环境）

the channel / Channel 默认英吉利海峡（英语环境）

知识点（3）

be applied to … 被应用于…

知识点（4）

extend to … 延伸到

= spread to …