Lesson 11 How to grow old如何安度晚年

How to grow old

知识点（1）

标题：How to grow old

言下之意：How to grow old with a positive attitude

知识点（2）课文作者介绍

Bertrand Russell （British philosopher, mathematician and Nobel laureate）

He developed new ideas connecting mathematics and logic. He was also known as a pacifist, and he was one of the leading members of the opposition to nuclear weapons.

He received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1950.

主要作品：

The Principles of Mathematics 数学原理

A History of Western Philosophy  西方哲学史

Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death.

知识点（1）

be oppressed by the fear of … 因为怕……而烦恼

※ Many people are oppressed by the fear of unemployment / inflation. 

※ Many girls are oppressed by the fear of getting fat.

※ 造句：很多中国人因为怕看不起病，上不起学，买不起房而烦恼。

※ Many Chinese people are oppressed by the fear of being unable to afford the medical, educational and housing expenses.

In the young there is a justification for this feeling.

知识点（1）

in sb. 在某人身上

In the young 在年轻人身上

※ You can feel helpfulness and care even in these small children. 

※ In this tall lean man, you can see a leader of great modesty.

知识点（2）

there is a justification for … 做某事是正当合理的

※ In this condition, there is a justification for intervention. 

there is no justification for … 做某事是毫无合理的

※ There is no justification for suicide bombing. 

【复习】Lesson03-34、Lesson03-43 

there be +  无灵主语 （地道句式）  

there is always hope that …               总是会有…的希望

there is no denying that ...  不可否认的是…

there is no doubt/ question that ...  毫无疑问的是…

there is every likelihood that ...  很有可能的是…

there is little likelihood that ...  不大可能的是…

there is no shortage of ...  有的是…

※ Of course, New York is the ideal place for such an interesting study, because there is no shortage of tall buildings.

there is an element of truth in ...  有点道理…

※ Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures, but few of us have had the opportunity to find out.

there is a good deal of truth in ...  很有道理…

※ Apparently, there is a good deal of truth in this idea.

there is an element of truth in … 有点道理

there is a truth in 有道理

※ Perhaps there is an element of truth in both this pictures, but few of us have had the opportunity to find out.

※ There is probably an element of truth in this argument, but they ignore a more basic fact that the freedom of the press is often abused.

※ Albert Einstein once attributed the creativity in a famous scientist to the fact that he never went to school. There is undoubtedly a truth in his observation, but such a truth is not criticism of schools.

Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.

（解释上一句）      

Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle（that… 宾语从句） （who...定语从句，） may justifiably feel bitter in the thought（= because they think引导原因状语从句） that （that... 同位语从句） they have cheated of the best things that life has to offer（that ...定语从句，修饰things）.

知识点（1）

in battle 在战斗中

= in action

※ His father told everybody that Eric had been killed in action.

※ Franz poured scorn on the idea, pointing out that his brother had been killed in action during the war.

知识点（2）

bitter adj. 英文解释：painful; sorrowful 痛苦的

※ shed bitter tears 

知识点（3）Lesson03-53、Lesson03-56、Lesson03-58

语法：“in the + 表示感觉的名词”在句中作原因状语

in the belief that … 

= because sb. believe that …  因为某人相信…… 

※ The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that (=because they believe that) they are serving the public.

※ They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that (=because they believe that) they may one day need just those very things.

in the thought that … 

= because sb. think that … 因为某人认为…… 

※ Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that (=because they think that) they have cheated of the best things that life has to offer.

in the discovery that … 

= because sb. discover that …  因为某人发现了…… 

※ In the lift her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest; but when she got out at her own floor, both were forgotten in her sudden discovery that (=because she suddenly discovered that) her front door was open.

in the hope of doing / that …  有这样地希望…（引出同位语）

= because sb. hope to do / that … 因为某人希望…… 

… in the hope that they would be able to …

※ Police are carrying out a house-to-house search in the hope of finding the missing girl.

※ The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being (=because they hope to be) able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.

【辨析】Lesson03-23

at the … of … 【时间状语短语】一…就

※ She screamed at the sight of the ghost. 一看到就…

※ She trembled at the thought of the murder. 一想到就…

※ She fainted at the news of her father’s death.  一 获得（消息）就…

※ She wept at the mention of the accident.一提到就…

※ On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat -- the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.

※ Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always go into raptures at the mere mention of the country.

知识点（4）

be cheated (out) of sth. 被骗走某个东西

cheat sb. (out) of sth. 骗走某人某个东西

【扩展】表达“抢走/剥夺某人某个东西”：

rob sb. of sth.  

deprive sb. of sth. 

strip sb. of sth. 

divest sb. of sth.

※ 课文写法替换：

※ … they have been robbed of the best things... 

※ … they have been deprived of the best things… 

※ … they have been stripped of the best things… 

※ … they have been divested of the best things…

【辨析】

confiscate sth. 没收

※ Miss Williams confiscated all our sweets.

But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble.

But in an old man who has known（“经历了”） human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it（形式主语） was in him to do（真正主语）（...定语从句，省略关系词，做to do的宾语）（who...定语从句，修饰old man）（逗号前整句话做状语）, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble.

知识点（1）

know v. experience; see 经历

※ China has known many wars.

※ The city must have known prosperity. 

【近义词】表达“经历”：

see

※ He has seen better days.

知识点（2）

joys and sorrows 悲欢离合

= ups and downs 起起伏伏

知识点（3）

…and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do…

句型分析：

… whatever work (that / which) it was in him(=within his ability) to do, …

知识点（4）

somewhat 某种程度上

= to some extent / degree

The best way to overcome it -- so at least it seems to me -- is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life.

The best way to overcome it（后置定语,修饰way）—so at least it seems to me （插入语）— is to （to … 不定式做表语）make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life（时间状语从句）. 

知识点（1）

overcome v. conquer 克服；专指克服某种不良的情绪

※ overcome / conquer fear / shyness

知识点（2）

at least 至少

= at any rate

※ … and seriously believe—at any rate（至少） for short periods—that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.

so it seems 看似是这样

※ --‘So he’s not coming with us?’

※ --‘So it seems.’

结构总结：

—so at least it seems to me— 至少在我看来是这样的

※ Gre写作范文：段落总结句

※ In sum, without due respect for personal welfare, not only would the motivations of a society’s citizens be weakened, but the philosophical underpinnings of democracy would be undermined as well. Therefore, notwithstanding the significance of a society’s overall success, the ultimate benchmark of the well-being of any society―so at least it seems to me―is the general welfare of all its people. 

知识点（3）

gradually adv. little by little; bit by bit; by degrees 逐渐的

知识点（4）

to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal 

表达“拓宽”：同义替换

※ to broaden / expand your interests gradually 

※ to broaden / expand your horizons 拓展眼界

知识点（5）

写作类似表达：“超脱个人情感”

to meet like-minded people 结识志同道合的人

Don’t indulge in solitude. 不要沉迷于孤独之中

Don’t be ego-centric. 不要过分以个人为中心

Make yourself liberal and sociable. 让自己越来越开明、外向

知识点（5）

wall 做“比喻”，起到障碍作用的东西

※ tariff wall 贸易比例

※ The years had built a wall（隔阂） between the two families.

知识点（6）本句话思想总结：生死

无我相，无人相，无众生相，无寿者相。

— 释迦牟尼佛

吾所以有大患者，为吾有身。及吾无身，吾有何患？

— 老子

The true value of a human being is determined primarily by the measure and the sense in which he has attained liberation from the self.

— Albert Einstein

知识点（7）

be merged in / into … 被融化到、合并到一起

= be joined in / into …

※ The three companies were merged / joined in / into one. 

merge into … 融化到、合并到一起

※ The remote hills gradually merged into the dark sky. 

知识点（8）

universal 大众的

※ In spite of national differences, certain funny situations have a universal appeal.

cosmic 宇宙的

※ cosmic being

An individual human existence should be like a river -- small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.

An individual human existence should be like a river—（破折号，引出后面解释）（省略being）small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. （非谓语动词做原因状语）

知识点（1）

写作：扩喻 extended simile；扩展的明喻，比喻后做详细的解释

※ be like a river -- small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.

※ Laws are like cobwebs, where the small flies are caught and the great break through.

知识点（2）

(being) small at first

言下之意：when you are a baby/child 

narrowly contained within its banks

言下之意1：carefully protected by your parents

言下之意2：one bank is family, the other society 

rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls

言下之意：when you are in your youth difficulties and obstacles

Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.

Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and（大并列） in the end, without any visible(明显的) break（变化）（状语）, they become merged in the sea, and（小并列） painlessly lose their individual being.

知识点（1）

Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly

言下之意：

when you are in your middle age; 

You have more mature personality; 

You have more steady outlook on life; 

You have a happy family.

You’ve been married and you have kids. 

And your career goes smoothly.

in the end

言下之意：

when you are in old age 

they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being

言下之意：

方生方死，方死方生。 —庄子

知识点（2）

visible adj. obvious 明显的

※ Any ship that crosses the Pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross, which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing.

The man who, in old age can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue.

The man who, in old age（插入语）, can see（看待） his life in this way（who...定语从句，修饰）, will not suffer from the fear of death, since（因为） the things he cares for（定语从句） will continue（since... 原因状语从句）. 

知识点（1）

suffer (from) … 苦于某事

【近义词组】表达“苦于某事”：

be afflicted by / with …

※ He is afflicted by / with diabetes / a sense of inferiority. 

be racked / tormented / tortured + by / with … （语气更重）痛不欲生

※ God almighty, where are you when the world is racked / tormented / tortured by war.

知识点（2）Lesson03-21

since 做连词，表“因为”

since 做介词，表“自从”

表示“因为”介词：

because of …                

by reason of…

due to …                 

owing to …           

thanks to …                    

on account of …     

※ 听力真题： 

A. She doesn’t like the professor very much.

B. She doubts class will be canceled.

C. She doesn’t want to attend the conference.

D. She wonders whether the professor is an accountant.

※ M: Do you think professor Smith will cancel class on account of the special conference?

※ W: Not likely.

※ Q: What does the woman mean?

※ Answer: (B) She doubts class will be canceled.

【扩展】【复习】Lesson03-52

语法：介词 + 名词 + 同位语从句 = 普通从属连词

引导让步状语从句：

despite the fact that ... (fml.) 尽管

= in spite of the fact that ...  (fml.)

= tough / although / even though / while ...

※ Despite the fact that the bottle is tinted a delicate shade of green, an observant visitor would soon notice that it is filled with what looks like a thick, grayish substance.

引导原因状语从句：

for the reason that …  (fml.) 

because of the fact that … (fml.) 

due to the fact that … (fml.)

on account of the fact that …  (fml.)

= because / since / as…

※ People who work in offices are frequently referred to as ‘white-collar workers' for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.

知识点（3）

care for … 喜欢

【辨析】

care about … 关心，在乎，介意

And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome.

And if, with the decay of vitality（插入语）, weariness increases（if... 条件状语从句）, the thought of rest（后置定语） will be not unwelcome.

知识点（1）

decay 腐烂；（派生意）衰退、衰败

※ Old civilization may fall into decay.

※ The power of the Roman Empire was decaying at the time of Nero. 

※ Each civilization is born, it culminates, and it decays.

知识点（2）

unwelcome adj. unwanted; undesirable 不想要的

I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.

I should wish to die while still at work（时间状语从句）, knowing that （that… 宾语从句）others will carry on what I can no longer do（what… 宾语从句）（knowing… 非谓语动词做原因状语，表示“因为我知道”）, and (省略 being 非谓语) content in the thought that (what was possible （主语从句）) has been done（that... 同位语从句）.（being content… 非谓语动词做原因状语，表示“因为…而满意”）

知识点（1）

I should … 表达一种不太成熟的看法、意见；表达“我倒是希望这样”

※ I should imagine it will take about 3 hours.

知识点（2）Lesson03-05、Lesson03-60 状语从句的省略

while still at work 

语法：状语从句的省略，状语从句中如果满足以下两个条件：

1．状语从句的主语与主句主语一致。

2．状语从句的谓语包含 be 动词。

3．（例外）如果状语从句的主语是虚指的主语it，那这个时候就可以把be动词和主语it同时省略，可以不考虑主句主语统一

※ He is therefore forgiven if (he is) late for a dinner party.

※ Metals expand when (they are) heated and contract when (they are) cooled.

※ Francis Preston Blair Jr., although (he was) born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri. 

※ Judges, however wise or eminent (they are), are human and can make mistakes.

※ While (he was) on a walking tour with his wife, he stopped to talk to a workman.

※ We’ll resolve the Vladivostok issue with peaceful means when (it is) ever possible, with force when (it is) necessary.

知识点（3）

…, and content in the thought that…

句型分析：

…, and (being) content / satisfied in the thought (=because I think) that …