Lesson 12 Banks and their customers银行和顾客

When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person.

When anyone opens a current account at a bank（when...时间状语从句）, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person（方式状语）. （repayment of which… 定语从句，which修饰money，repayment of which做demand的宾语）

知识点（1）

lend sth. to sb. 把…借给某人 （借出去）

= lend sb. sth. 

loan sth. to sb. 把…借给某人 （借出去）

= loan sb. sth.

borrow sth. from sb. 向某人借…（借进来）

borrow sb. sth. X错误搭配

表达“你能不能借给我 100 块钱？”：

Would you borrow me ￥100? X错误搭配 

Would you lend me ￥100?

Would you lend ￥100 to me?  

May I borrow ￥100 from you?

May I borrow you ￥100? X错误搭配

知识点（2）

【课文句型提炼】

when anyone …, he is … 无论是谁（做某事），就等于在……

造句：无论是谁试图徒步穿越这个山口，就等于在生命冒险。

When anyone tries to cross the pass on foot, he is risking his life. 

知识点（3）Lesson03-32

语法：“名词 + 介词 + 关系代词” 引导非限定性定语从句；前提是定语从句修饰的不是先行词本身，而是先行词相关的东西或一部分

造句：他有两个儿子，其中的一个死于战火。

He has two sons, one of whom died in the war.

造句：演讲者提了 (pose) 四个问题，它们的答案被证明非常具有启发性(illuminating)。

The speaker posed four questions, the answers to which proved very illuminating.

She hurried home to feed her cats, one of which had just had kittens.

This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.

The most valuable find of all was the ship's log book, parts of which it was still possible to read.

知识点（4）

repayment of … 偿还、归还

the repayment of debt 债务偿还

repay sb. sth. 归还某人某事

= repay sth. to sb. 把某事归还某人

pay sb. back 归还某人某事

pay back sth. 归还某事

I’ll pay you back tomorrow. 

pay off one’s debts 还清债务

clear one’s debts 清偿债务

give sb. a refund 给某人退款

We’ll give you a refund if you’re not entirely satisfied. 

reimburse sb. 报销

Pay for the hotel room when you leave, and the company will reimburse you later.

知识点（5）

in favor of …（支票）以某人/某部门为受款人

Checks should be written / drawn in favor of School. 

Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor -- who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn.

Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that（代替relationship） of debtor and creditor—who is which（主语从句） depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn. （独立主格）

知识点（1）

表达“主要的”：副词同义替换

Primarily

Principally

Chiefly

Mainly

Largely

Above all

First and foremost

知识点（2）

the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor

相当于：the relationship between / of banks and customers 

知识点（3）Lesson03-57

debtor and creditor

语法：语义相对的名词并列，常省略冠词

Father and son went to New York by a morning train.

We are brother and sister.

Husband and wife are talking about the boy’s future.

Please pass me pencil and paper.

heart and soul 

knife and fork

the relation between teacher and student 

the conflict between mother and son

知识点（4）Lesson03-29

whether和if 从句区别：

表示“是否”时不能用 if 的几种情况：

1）.主语从句位于句首时，不能用 if

If she likes the present is not clear to me. X错误

It is not clear to me if / whether she likes the present. √ （改正，放在句中）

Whether she likes the present is not clear to me. √ （改正，句首改成whether）

2）.引导表语从句时，不能用 if

The question is if we have enough money. X错误

The question is whether we have enough money. √改正

3）.引导同位语从句时，不能用 if

You have yet to answer my question if I can count on your help. X错误

You have yet to answer my question whether I can count on your help. √改正

4）.作介词宾语时，不能用 if

He was worrying about if he had hurt her feelings. X错误

He was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings.  √改正

5）.引导动词不定式时，不能用 if

I don’t know if to see my doctor today. X错误

I don’t know whether to see my doctor today. √改正 

6）.直接跟 or not 时，不能用 if

Please tell me if or not you agree. X错误  

Please tell me whether or not you agree. √改正  

Please tell me if you agree or not. √改正  

知识点（5）

be overdrawn 有赤字

= be in the red

Your account is overdrawn / in the red. 

But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another.

知识点（1）

表达“除了…之外，还…”：

in addition to …

besides …

as well as … 

together with … 

along with … 

apart from … 

aside from … 

知识点（2）

owe sth. to sb. 前某人某事

= owe sb. sth.

owe obligations to sb.  对某人有义务

= have obligations to sb.

Parents owe / have obligations to their children. I owe you (a lot).

You owe him an apology. 

You owe him an explanation.

知识点（3）

one another 

each other 

当代英语中可替换，没有限制

Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.

Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods（插入语）, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.

知识点（1）Lesson03-04

give rise to sth. (fml.) 导致……（正式表达）

The president’s absence has given rise to speculation about his health. 

This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.

【近义词组】表达“导致”：

cause …   

effect …    

result in …

bring about  … 

lead to …

contribute to …

account for …

set up …

The slump on Wall Street set up a chain reaction in stock markets around the world.

produce / create / generate

His announcement produced / created / generated gasps of amazement. 

trigger / spark / precipitate

One small error triggered / sparked / precipitated the calamity.

知识点（2）

sth. is loaded against …  英文解释：used to say that a system, situation, or organization is unfair and some people have a disadvantage 对……不公平

The justice system is loaded against ethnic minorities.

【近义词组】表达“对……有偏见”： Lesson03-53

be prejudiced against … 

be biased against …

The early Christian church was prejudiced / biased against Jews.

He seemed a bit biased against women in my opinion.  （偏见）

The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in the official files.

【辨析】

be biased in favor of / toward(s) … 对…偏袒的

be partial to / toward(s) … 对…偏袒的

The judge is biased in favor of the plaintiff. （偏袒）

The referee was clearly partial to the other side. （偏袒）

The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else.

知识点（1）

obey instructions  遵守命令

take instructions 接受命令

follow instructions 按照命令

await instructions 等候命令

When, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques drawn by himself.

When, for example（插入语）, a customer first opens an account（when...时间状语从句）, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of（=about） cheques drawn by himself（后置定语）.

知识点（1）

【近义词组】表达“关于”：介词短语

in respect of 

with respect to 

with regard to 

concerning

regarding 

respecting

US foreign policy ~~~ Cuba

He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's signature has been forged.

He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's signature has been forged（which...定语从句）. （that... 同位语从句）

知识点（1）

signature n. 署名；签名；信号

autograph n. （名人的）亲笔签名

I’ve got lots of famous actors' autographs. 

sign v. 签署

Where do you want me to sign my name? 

sign for … 签收

Could you sign for this package, please?

initial vt. 用姓名的首字母签名

The memo has been initialled / initialed by the president. 

知识点（2）

authority n. [U] 英文解释：right to act in a specific way 职权，权限

Only the treasurer has authority to sign checks.

知识点（3）

pay out 英文解释：to pay a lot of money for something 支付（大笔的钱）

We’re paying out $300 a month on our mortgage. 

It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skillful one: the bank must recognize its customer's signature.

知识点（1）

make a difference 有用

make some difference 有点用

make no difference 没用

For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the practice, adopted by banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques.

For this reason（介词短语做状语） there is no risk to the customer in the practice, adopted by banks（插入语）, of printing the customer's name on his cheques（介词of引出同位语）.

知识点（1）

【近义词组】表达“因此”：

for this reason

thus

therefore

ergo

as a result

as a consequence

so

hence

thereupon

accordingly

consequently

in consequence

知识点（2）

risk of  做某事的风险

the risk of serious injury 

risk to 对某事的风险

There is no risk to customers.

知识点（3）

practice n.习惯性的做法，惯例

the practice of doing sth. 做某事的惯例

the practice of closing shops on Sundays 

the practice of dumping waste into the sea

If this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.

If this facilitates forgery（if... 条件状语从句）, it is（强调句） the bank which（强调句） will lose, not the customer. 

知识点（1）

facilitate … v. 使某事更容易

【近义词组】

ease / smooth the way for …使某事更容易

The agreement will ease / smooth the way for other countries to join the EU.

知识点（2）

一般强调句：

it is/was +被强调部分 + that/who(m)+ 从句 可以强调句子中任何非谓语的部分；只用于书面语

特殊强调句：

it is … which …（尤其用于科技、说明文体）

It is heat which makes matter expand and melt.

It is the release of nuclear energy within the Sun which enables it to send out so much energy to the earth.

知识点（3）【课文句型提炼】Lesson04-05

if …, it is … that / which / who(m) …, not … 

如果…，那么是…，而不是…

If this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will lose, not the customer. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt—then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves.