Lesson 13 The search for oil探寻石油

The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet.

知识点（1）

表达“凿一个洞”：

※ bore/drill a hole    钻

※ prick a hole 扎

※ punch a hole     冲

※ dig a hole 挖

※ knock a hole     撬

※ chop a hole 凿

※ eat a hole   咬

※ gnaw a hole 啃

※ make a hole （不强调方式）

知识点（2）

go down to往下走；（派生）南下；（派生）由重要的地方去次重要的地方

go up to 往上走；（派生）北上；（派生）由次重要的地方去重要的地方

※ I’ll go down to Hangzhou tomorrow. 

※ I’ll go up to Dalian tomorrow.

※ go down to the countryside 

※ go up to town

知识点（3）Lesson03-17、Lesson03-26、Lesson03-42 长宽高重深

go down to as much as … 深达

※ The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet.

extend to a depth of … 深达

※ The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea.

※ The deepest known cave in the world is the Gouffre Berger near Grenoble. It extends to a depth of 3,723 feet.

weigh … 系动词，有多重

※ It weighed nearly 500 pounds.

※ The boy weighs 50 kilos.

be … (in weight) 有多重

※ The boy is 50 kilos (in weight).

be / stand … high / tall 有多高

※ She stood （系统词）three feet high and her hands rested on her hips.

※ He stands / is 1.8m tall.

rise to a height of … 高达

※ Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet.

be … deep / in depth 有多深

※ The hole is 2 feet deep / in depth.

be … long / in length 有多长

※ The bed is 2 meters long / in length.

be … wide / across / in width 有多宽

※ The river is 20 meters wide / across / in width. 

※ How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. I love thee to the depth and breadth and height my soul can reach. —— Elizabeth Barrett Browning

But we do not need to send man down to get the oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits.

But we not need to send men down to get the oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits（as… 方式状语从句）.

知识点（1）

send sb. to do sth.  打发某人去做某事

send sb. to sth. 打发某人去某地

※ send the boy to buy some beer 

※ send the boy to school / bed

【近义词组】

dispatch sb. to do sth. 打发某人去做某事

dispatch sb. to sth. 打发某人去某地

※ The government dispatched 100 police to restore order. 

※ An ambulance was immediately dispatched to the area. 

transfer sb. to sth. （工作调动）调动某人去某地

※ He was transferred to our Shanghai branch. 

post sb. to sth. 派遣某人去某地

※ He was posted to the embassy in London.

transport sb. to sth. 流放某人去某地

※ He was transported to Siberia for life.

知识点（2）

语法：as引导的方式状语中，主句出现的成分可省略

as we must with other mineral deposits.

…, as we must send men down with other mineral deposits. 

The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter.

知识点（1）Lesson04-13、Lesson04-29  形容数量多少

【Part1】

语法：less than+数词+计量名词(时间；距离；金额) 还不到…

※ less than 20 minutes / a foot / 2 miles / 10 dollars 

※ The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter.

语法：fewer than+数词+普通名词

※ There are fewer than 20 applications.

※ The whole of Switzerland has fewer than six million inhabitants. 

【Part2】

语法：no less than+数词+计量名词(时间；距离；金额) （强调数量特别大）“足足有……；有……之多”

语法：not less than+数词+计量名词(时间；距离；金额) “至少有……；不少于……”

※ He won no less than $1,000,000 in the lottery. 

※ He won not less than $1,000,000 in the lottery.

语法：no fewer than+ 数词 + 普通名词“足足有……；有……之多”

语法：not fewer than+数词+普通名词 “至少有……；不少于……”

※ No fewer than a thousand people came. 

※ Not fewer than a thousand people came. 

注意：当代英语：less than渐渐取代fewer than

【Part3】

语法：no more than … 只有、仅仅，只不过……

※ No more than 20 people are present. 

※ When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation.

语法：not more than … 最多……

※ Not more than 20 people are present. 

※ She is not more than thirty.

知识点（2）

diameter n. 直径

【词根】

“dia”= across  + “meter”/“metry”= measure 

radius n. 半径

caliber / calibre n. 口径

My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity.

知识点（1）

particular adj. specific; individual 具体的、个人的

※ in this particular case

※ = in this specific case 

※ his particular problems

※ = his individual problems

知识点（2）

largely adj. chiefly / mainly / to a great extent 主要地、很大程度上

※ His success was largely due to luck. 

知识点（3）Lesson03-21

do much / a lot / a great deal to … 在…做出了很大贡献

do little to …没有什么贡献

do nothing to … 完全没用

※ Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game.

※ 造句：尽管严格地说只是一本书，但圣经在把这个粗鄙的世界变成一个文明世界方面却做出了很大贡献，因为它给人类带来了信仰(faith)。

※ Though it is technically a book, the Bible does much to change the crude world into a civilized one, for it brings faith to humanity.

do more to … than … 比后者作用更大

※ 造句：新概念英语比其他任何书对提高我写作能力的作用都大。

※ New Concept English has done more to improve my writing skills than any other book.

When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick.

When it（形式主语）has been decided where we are going to drill（真正主语）（when... 时间状语从句）, we put up at the surface（地点状语前置） an oil derrick（突出句末，连接下一句）. 

知识点（1）

put up: set up; erect 致力起来

It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.

It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle（结果状语从句）, and（大并列） we have to lower into the ground（状语前置） and haul out of the ground（状语前置） great lengths of drill pipe（lower和haul宾语） which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom（which...定语从句）.

知识点（1）

※ 正常语序：头重脚轻

… we have to lower great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom into the ground and haul them out of the ground …

※ It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.

知识点（2）【课文仿写】

※ 造句: 请把我们急需的那个软件从网站上下载下来然后通过e-mail 发送给我。

※ Please download from the website and send to me by email the software of which we are in urgent need.

知识点（3）Lesson03-17、Lesson03-48 量词

※ a length of rope / pipe / wire etc  一根…

※ a gust of wind 一阵风

※ Oddly shaped forms that are suspended from the ceiling and move in response to a gust of wind are quite familiar to everybody.

※ a bar of  chocolate 一块巧克力

※ a bar / cake of soap  一块肥皂

※ a slice of butter 一片黄油

※ a loaf of bread 一块面包 (长条)

※ a tube of toothpaste 一管牙膏

※ a cone of ice-cream 一卷冰淇淋

※ a bunch of grapes / bananas 一串

※ a flash / bolt of lightning  一道闪电

※ a peal of thunder 一声雷

※ a pane of glass 一块玻璃

※ a bouquet of flowers 一束花

※ a fit of coughing 一阵咳嗽

※ a round of applause 一阵掌声

※ peals / gales of laughter  阵阵笑声

知识点（4）Lesson03-03

语法注意：名词前有量词，形容词放在量词前

※ a nice cup of tea 一杯好茶

※ a beautiful stretch of field 一片美丽的田野

※ a stagnant pool of water 一潭死水

※ For most of them, 50 pence is a small price to pay for a nice big bar of chocolate.

※ Our next obstacle was a shallow pool of water about half a mile across.

The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit.

The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached（what… 宾语从句）, so every so often（时间状语） a sample is obtained with a coring bit. （so… 结果状语从句）

知识点（1）Lesson03-44

表达“时而，有时候”：时间状语

every so often

sometimes 

occasionally

at times

(every) now and then 

(every) now and again 

once in a while

from time to time

It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen the strata the drill has been cutting through.

It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen the strata（主语后置） the drill has been cutting through（定语从句）. （from which...非限定性定语从句）

正常语序：

… from which the strata the drill has been cutting through can be seen. 

Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure either from gas or water, is pushing it.

Once we get down to the oil（时间状语从句）, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure, either from gas or water（插入语）, is pushing it. （because... 原因状语从句）

知识点（1）

get down to （字面含义）下降到…；（还表示）认真严肃的做某事

※ Let’s get down to （认真严肃的做某事）business/ work / fundamentals / basics.

This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe.

This pressure must be under control, and（大并列）we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe（which...定语从句，做circulate的宾语）. （by... 方式状语）

知识点（1）Lesson03-33

be under control 在控制之中…

get sth. under control 控制住…

※ 托福听力真题：

A．The air will be cleaner if they go to a different city.

B．It’ll soon be too late to control the pollution.

C．Society will not pay attention to the new laws.

D．The situation will improve if changes are made.

※ M: Look at all the pollution going into the air from those factories. Do you think they’ll ever get that under control?

※ W: With the new laws and social awareness, we’ll turn things around. 

※ Q: What does the woman predict will happen?

※ Answer: (D) The situation will improve if changes are made.

get out of control / hand 失控

※ A day may begin well enough, but suddenly everything seems to get out of control.

※ 托福听力真题：

A．Discuss the situation with the person in charge of the dormitory.

B．Ask her roommate not to make so much noise.

C．Go to bed after midnight.

D．Send a letter to the residents.

※ W: You know the noise in my dorm has really gotten out of control. My roommate and I can rarely get to sleep before midnight.

※ M: Why don’t you take the problem up with the dorm supervisor? 

※ Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?

※ Answer: (A) Discuss the situation with the person in charge of the dormitory.

※ 6级选择题：

※ We started burning some leaves in our yard, but the fire got ___A___ and we had to call the fire department to put it out.

A．out of hand 失控

B．out of order 出故障

C．out of the question 不可能

D．out of the way 闪开

知识点（2）Lesson04-13介词under表示“在…状态之中”

※ The car is under repair. 在修理之中

※ The castle is under attack. 遭受仅供

※ The subject is under discussion. 讨论之中

※ The matter is under consideration. 考虑之中

※ You are under arrest. 被捕了

※ The patient is under observation. 观察之中

※ The case is under investigation. 在调查之中

※ The bridge is under construction. 建造之中

※ The building is under renovation. 整修之中

We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas.

We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic（不切实际的） idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas（which...定语从句，充当原因状语）.

知识点（1）Lesson04-06

【近义词组】表达“竭尽全力做某事”：

endeavor / endeavour to do

make every endeavor to do

※ We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas.

do / try one’s utmost to do 竭尽全力做某事

= do / try one’s best to do

※ Though the doctor did his best, the patient's recovery was slow.

※ You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.

go to great lengths to do Lesson03-28

※ The man went to great lengths to prove that the diamonds were real. 

spare no effort to do 不遗余力的 Lesson04-02

※ I will spare no effort to learn English.

give one’s all to do 

go all out to do

※ 托福听力真题： 

A. They should wait for John to bring the dessert.

B. He thinks John must have spent a lot of money for the dinner.

C. The dessert also looks impressive.

D. He helped John make the sandwiches.

※ W: Look at the delicious sandwiches. John’s really gone all out this time. 

※ M: Just wait until you see the dessert.

※ Q: What does the man imply?

※ Answer: (C) The dessert also looks impressive. 

知识点（2）

romantic adj. impractical 不切实际的

知识点（3）

定语从句充当原因状语

※ We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learn to write.

※ We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, because people first learned to write there.

※ We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas.

※ We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, because it wastes oil and gas.

We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.

We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off（副词） in a controlled manner（方式状语） （until… 时间状语从句）.