Lesson 31 The sculptor speaks雕塑家的语言

Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in 3 dimensions.

Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in there dimensions（方面状语）（后置定语）. 

知识点（1）

appreciation of … 含义1：欣赏……

※ appreciation of poetry and literature

in appreciation of … 含义3：以感谢……

※ I sent him a gift in appreciation of his help. 

appreciation of … 含义2：理解……

※ To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions.

That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts; certainly it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, shape in only two dimensions.

That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts（why… 表语从句）; certainly it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, shape in only two dimensions（同位语）（which...定语从句）（than... 比较状语）.

知识点（1）

of all

※ 课文写法替换：

※ the most difficult of all arts

※ the most difficult art of all

※ 课文写法替换：Lesson04-21

※ the greatest of all Western stars

※ the greatest Western star of all

※ 课文写法替换：Lesson04-43

※ the most difficult of all obstacles

※ the most difficult obstacle of all

※ 课文写法替换：Lesson03-32

※ the most valuable find of all

※ the most valuable of all finds

※ 课文写法替换：Lesson03-48

※ the most frightening thing of all

※ the most frightening of all things

※ 课文写法替换：Lesson04-13

※ the deepest holes of all

※ the deepest of all holes

知识点（2）【词汇】

involve v. 英文解释：if a situation, an event or an activity involves sth, that thing is an important or necessary part or result of it 需要……

involve (doing) sth. 需要做某事……

※ Community service can involve anything from gardening to helping in old people's homes.

※ Jane was on a diet which involved eating nothing but fruit. 

【近义词组】

entail (doing) sth. 需要做某事……

※ This job entails a lot of hard work.

※ My job entailed being on call twenty-four hours a day. 

Many more people are 'form-blind' than colour-blind.

知识点（1）

表达“多得多”：

many / far more + 复数名词

much / far more + 不可数名词

※ many / far more people 

※ much / far more money

The child learning to see, first distinguishes only two-dimensional shape; it cannot judge distances, depths. 

The child learning to see（后置定语）, first distinguishes only two-dimensional shape; it cannot judge distances, depths.

Later, for its personal safety and practical needs, it has to develop (partly by means of touch) the ability to judge roughly 3-dimensonal distances.

Later（时间状语）, for its personal safety and practical needs（目的状语）, it has to develop (partly by means of touch（插入语）) the ability to judge roughly three-dimensional distances（后置定语）.

But having satisfied the requirements of practical necessity, most people go no further.

But having satisfied（having done 强调主动、先发生） the requirements of practical necessity, most people go no further.

知识点（1）

go further  更进一步

※ I can offer you 50, but I can't go any further than that.

※ Whaling in Australia was stopped. But the Australian government went further and proposed a global ban.

Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form, they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence.

Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form（后置定语）（让步状语从句）, they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence（过去分词短语做后置定语，修饰effort）.

知识点（1）【词汇】  

spatial adj. 英文解释：relating to the size, shape, and position of things, and the relation of objects to each other in space 空间的

※ changes taking place in the spatial distribution of the population

※ the development of a child's spatial awareness 

知识点（2）

in existence 存在

※ This is the oldest Hebrew manuscript in existence.

知识点（3）【课文仿写】

注意：句中perception和effort都是名词，在中文中都当动词来翻译

※ 造句1：尽管人们可以相当精确地感知金钱的力量，但是他们之中的大多数在智力上和情感上却没有进一步努力去理解人生的意义。

※ Though people may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of the power of money, most of them do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend the meaning of life.

※ 造句2：

※ 课文句型提炼：Lesson03-27

※ Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us.

※ 造句2：尽管我们可以相当精确地衡量物质商品的价值，但是我们之中多数人在智力和情感上却没有进一步努力去估算人们为我们做的服务的真正价值。

※ Though we may attain considerable accuracy in the measurement of the value of material goods, most of us do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us.

This is what the sculptor must do. 

He must strive continually to think of, and use, form in its full spatial completeness.

He must strive continually to think of（设想、想象）, and use（插入语）, form in its full spatial completeness（后置定语）.

知识点（1）【词汇】

strive v. 英文解释：try very hard to obtain or achieve sth. （为获得或实现某事物） 努力，奋斗

strive to do sth. 努力去做某事

※ We strive to be accurate, but some mistakes are inevitable. 

strive for … 为了…而努力

※ women who were striving for more freedom 

知识点（2）

think of sth. 想像某事物

= imagine sth. 

※ Just think of the expense!

He gets the solid shape as it were, inside his head -- he thinks of it, whatever its size, as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand.

He gets the solid shape, as it were（插入语，“好像”）, inside his head― he thinks of it, whatever its size（ … 让步状语从句，be动词省略）, as if he were（虚拟语气） holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand（方式状语）（as if ... 方式状语从句）.

知识点（1）Lesson03-38、Lesson04-20

as it were / so to speak 好像

※ They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action.

※ It is said that the nerve poison is the more primitive of the two, that the blood poison is, so to speak, a newer product from an improved formula. 

知识点（2）Lesson03-47

语法：whatever 引导让步状语从句时，常省略 be 动词。

※  Whatever the source of noise (is), one thing is certain: ......

※  After all, whatever her faults (are), she is your mother.  

※ The country is always beautiful whatever the season (is).

※ He gets the solid shape, as it were, inside his head-he thinks of it, whatever its size (is), as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand.

知识点（3）Lesson03-33、Lesson03-57

语法：as if / as though 从句中表达与事实相反或可能性很小时，可以用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反用一般过去时（be 动词一般用 were），与过去事实相反用过去完成时，与未来趋势相反用 would / should / could / might + 动词原形

※ Don’t act as if you were the only pebble on the beach. 不要自视太高

※ It is as if a single unimportant event set(过去式，虚拟语气，与现在事实相反) up a chain of reactions.

※ As if this were(过去式，虚拟语气，与现在事实相反) not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing three guests to dinner.

※ I felt as if I had stumbled(过去完成时，虚拟语气，与过去事实相反)  into a nightmare country, as you sometimes do in dreams. 

※ It looks as if it might(虚拟语气，与未来趋势相反)  rain.

※ It's as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures.

※ …, but I do not turn for protection to dreary clichés about respect of elders, as if mere age were a reason for respect.

※ Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found (真实语气）my offer outrageous, but he eventually reduced(真实语气） the price to ₤10.

※ Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is (真实语气） not simply a matter of giving the body a rest.

注意，as if / as though从句中虚拟语气为进行时的时候，一般都用were doing 的形式。

※ 'Oh, that,' he said with a smile as if he were talking about an old friend.

※ Suddenly, the knocking turned to a forceful banging, as if someone were hitting the door with a metal rod. (The Da Vinci Code)

※ It looks as if he were talking to someone invisible.

知识点（4）【词汇】 

hollow n. 英文解释：a place in something that is at a slightly lower level than its surface 凹陷处

※ The dog found a hollow in the ground to hide in from the wind.

※ She held the small bird in the hollow of her hand.

He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itself; he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like; he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight; he realizes its volume as the space that the shape displaces in the air.

He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itself; he knows while he looks at one side（while...时间状语从句） what the other side is like（what… 宾语从句）; he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight; he realizes its volume, as the space(状语) that the shape displaces in the air（that… 定语从句）.

知识点（1）Lesson03-10、Lesson03-11 介词宾语

语法：副词和介词短语都可以作介词的宾语

※ there was a slight trembling sound from below

※ There is a fine view from here.

※ I heard them calling me from below.

※ They have just returned from abroad.

※ I took my watch from under the pillow.

※ He picked up the gun from behind the counter.

※ I live near here.

※ We didn’t meet until after the show.

※ The weather has been fine except in the north.

※ When I returned from abroad（副词做宾语） recently, a particularly officious young Customs Officer clearly regarded me as a smuggler.

※ Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below（副词做宾语）, and the captain went down to see what had happened.

※ Before long（副词做宾语）, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at the factory.

※  After crossing the equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now （副词做宾语）the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead.

※  Towards midday, a girl heard a muffled cry coming from behind one of the walls（介词短语做宾语）.

知识点（2）

identify … with … 把……与……联系起来，把……和……等同起来

※ One cannot identify happiness with wealth. 

※ Never identify opinions with facts.

※ He refused to identify himself with the new political party.

※ The politician is too closely identified with the former government to become a minister in ours.

知识点（3）【词汇】

displace v. 英文解释：to take the place of sb. or sth. 代替，取代

※ Gradually factory workers have been displaced by machines.

And the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence.

And（接上文） the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence（后置定语）.

He must, for example, perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape quite apart from its significance as food, or from the literary idea that it will become a bird.

He must, for example（插入语）, perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape, quite apart from its significance as food（后置定语）（方式状语1）, or from the literary idea that it will become a bird（that... 同位语从句）（方式状语2）.

知识点（1）

perceive … as … 把……当做是……，认为……是…… 

※ She did not perceive herself as disabled.

※ Computers were often perceived as a threat.

※ Even as a young woman she had been perceived as a future chief executive.

知识点（2）

apart from 含义1. except for 除了……

※ I've finished apart from the last question. 

apart from 含义2. besides 除了……（还……）

※ Apart from their house in London, they also have a villa in Spain.

apart from 含义3. separate from 脱离开……

※ There can be no knowledge apart from practice.

※ You can hardly consider the one apart from the other.

And so with solids such as a shell, a nut, a plum, a pear, a tadpole, a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney, a carrot, a tree-trunk, a bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush, a bone.

And so（如是 ） with（对于…） solids such as a shell, a nut, a plum, a pear, a tadpole, a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney, a carrot, a tree-trunk, a bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush, a bone.

语法分析：补全，接上一句话

And he must also feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence with solids such as a shell, a nut, a plum, a pear, a tadpole, a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney, a carrot, a tree-trunk, a bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush, a bone.

From these he can go on to appreciate more complex forms or combinations of several forms.

From these（方面状语） he can go on to appreciate more complex forms of combinations（后置定语） of several forms（后置定语）.

知识点（1）

go on to do sth. （完成某事后）继续做下一件事

go on with sth. 继续做同一件事

go on doing sth. 持续做某事

※ The book goes on to describe his experiences in the army.

※ Please go on with what you're doing and don't let us interrupt you.

※ In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the same lines night after night.