Lesson 47 Too high a price?代价太高？ 叙述文

Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated, over-industrialized planet.

写作题材：“污染” ^{环境污染正在变得越来越严重}

• Environmental pollution is becoming increasingly serious.
• Environmental pollution is a serious problem / issue. 
• Environmental pollution is a global problem / issue.
• Environmental pollution is an issue that crosses the national boundaries. 

话题： 我们应该关注环境问题

• We should pay attention to the issue of environmental pollution.
• We should show concern for environmental pollution.
• We should attach more importance / significance to the issue of environmental pollution. 
• We should make efforts to tackle the problem of environmental pollution.

… be the price sb. pay for ^{… 某个东西是某人为某事付出的代价}

Dust storms are the price we pay for excessive tree felling. ^{沙尘暴是我们为过度砍伐付出的代价。}
The accident is the price he pays for his negligence.^{这次事故是他为疏忽付出的代价。}

When you come to think about it, there are only four ways you can deal with rubbish: dump it, burn it, turn it into something you can use again, attempt to produce less of it.

… there are only four ways … ^列举句型

• There are three categories of accommodation: economical, standard and deluxe. 

deal with ^处理

• I prefer to deal with him direct. ^{我更愿意直接跟他打交道。}
• He's happy that I deal with it myself. ^{他对我自己处理这件事感到很满意。}
• Have you been hatching up a deal with her? ^{你是不是在和她密谋什么交易？}
• He has some unfinished business to deal with. ^{他还要处理一些尚未了结的事务。}

We keep trying all four methods, but sheer volume of rubbish we produce worldwide threatens to overwhelm us.

sheer ^{（语气词，强调数量大）}

• His music is sheer delight. ^{他的音乐是纯粹的快乐。}
• Sheer chance quite often plays an important part in sparking off an idea. ^{纯粹的运气常常在激发思想方面起着重要的作用。}

threaten to do ^威胁...

• They threatened to  kill him if he didn’t obey. ^{（人做主语）威胁做某事}
• Mining operations threaten to destroy our environment. ^{（物做主语）有…的威胁}

Rubbish, however, is only part of the problem of polluting our planet.

part of ^{之前没有形容词修饰时，通常不加不定冠词 “a”}

• Justice is part of the complex machinery of the law. 
• Part of the building was destroyed in the fire. 
• Falling over is part of learning how to ski.
• This idyllic pastoral scene is only part of the picture. 
• Memory loss is a normal part of the aging process. ^{前面有形容词限定时，需要加冠词}
• … so vast is the number of planets, that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.

The need to produce ever-increasing quantities of cheap food leads to a different kind of pollution.

ever increasing ^不断增加

• … evidence that steadily accumulates → … the ever-accumulating evidence 
• the world that steadily changes → the ever-changing world ^{不断变化的世界}
• the knowledge that steadily grows → the ever-growing knowledge ^{不断增长的知识}
• the economy that steadily develops → the ever-developing economy ^{不断发展的经济}
• the market that steadily expands → the ever-expanding market ^{不断扩大的市场}
• the reform that steadily deepens → the ever-deepening reform ^{不断深化的改革}
• the resources that steadily dwindle → the ever-dwindling resources ^{日益减少的资源}

造句：the need to satisfy people’s ever-increasing demands for material and cultural life ^{满足人们不断增长的物质和文化生活需求的需要}

leads to ^{导致；通向}

• Hundreds of steps lead to the high wall which surrounds the president's palace. 
• This led to yet another angry argument.
• ... that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.

Industrialized farming methods produce cheap meat products: beef, pork and chicken.

farming ^n.养殖

• pig farming
• cattle farming 
• chicken farming
• poultry farming ^家禽养殖
• livestock farming ^家畜养殖

produce cheap meat products ^{写作：押韵}

• assist burglars to burgle
• live a ... life
• sing a song 
• breathe one’s last breath
• die a glorious death ^死得光荣

The use of pesticides and fertilizers produces cheap grain and vegetables.

The use of ^...的使用

• The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860, when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules.
• ...and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets.
• Notices forbidding the open-air drying of clothes, or the use of water points for car washing...

grain and vegetables ^{谷物和蔬菜}

• Fruit and Vegetables ^{水果和蔬菜}
• Fruits and Vegetables Grain Bread ^{蔬果谷物面包}
• Flower and grain eaten vegetables ^花果类

The price we pay for cheap food may be already too high: Mad Cow Disease (BSE) in cattle, salmonella in chicken and eggs, and listeria in dairy products.

… be the price sb. pay for … ^{某个东西是某人为某事付出的代价}

• Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated, over-industrialized planet.

the price sb. pay for ...

• Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom.^{责任是每个人必须为自由付出的代价。}
• The precious information came at a price. 
• The precious information came at a heavy price.. 
• She is determined to have a child at any price...

BSE ^{疯牛病（bovine spongiform encephalopathy）}

• AIDS ^{abbr.获得性免疫缺陷综合征，艾滋病（acquired immune deficiency syndrome）}

dairy ^奶制品

• dairy products
• dairy cattle 
• Dairy Queen ^{奶品皇后（DQ 美国著名的冰淇淋连锁品牌）}

• angle / angel 
• altitude / latitude 
• aboard / abroad 

The price we pay for overpopulation may be already too high: unemployment, pollution of all kinds, and the ever-increasing crime.^{我们为人口过多付出的代价可能已经太高了：失业现象，各种各样的污染，以及越来越多的犯罪。}

And if you think you'll abandon meat and become a vegetarian, you have the choice of very expensive organically-grown vegetables or a steady diet of pesticides every time you think you're eating fresh salads and vegetables, or just having an innocent glass of water!

have the choice of A or B ^{在A和B之间选一个}

• When you have the choice of being right or being kind, choose kind.^{当你可以选择正确或善良的时候，选择善良。}
• You have the choice of deciding who you're friends with.^{你可以选择和谁成为朋友。}
• After choosing your filter, you have the choice of adding a caption.^{选完滤镜之后，你可以选择加上说明文字。}

organically-grown ^{有机栽培的}

• organically-grown vegetables ^有机蔬菜
• organically-grown produce ^{有机农产品}

steady ^{adj.稳定的，持续的}

• a steady job / income
• a steady relationship
• a steady boyfriend / girlfriend 
• a steady decline / increase 

every time (when) ... ^{（every time可以看作连词，也可以看作名词time做状语加when引导的定语从句）每当}

• = whenever ...
• = no matter when ...

innocent ^{adj. harmless, innocuous 无害的、无毒的}

• The accused was found innocent. ^{被告被判定无罪。}
• I'm convinced that she's innocent. ^{我坚信她是清白无辜的。}
• He insisted (that) he was innocent. ^{他坚持说他是无辜的。}
• I am convinced that she is innocent. ^{我坚信她是清白无辜的。}

造句: If you think you’ll abandon the car, you have the choice of the extraordinarily slow buses or the over-crowded subway.^{如果你想放弃开车, 那么你可以两者选一: 或者是慢得出奇的公共汽车,或者是过分拥挤的地铁。}

However, there is an even more insidious kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives, and that is noise.

There is an even more insidious kind of aggression that particularly affects people’s mode of thought and invades local tradition, and that is cultural aggression.^{有一种更为隐蔽有害的侵略, 它尤其影响人们的思维模式并侵犯当地的传统, 那就是文化侵略。}

Burglar alarms going off at any time of the day or night serve only to annoy passers-by and actually assist burglars to burgle.

go off ^{发出巨大的声音}

• The alarm clock went off.
• The gun went off accidentally. 
• The bomb went off at midnight. 

serve to do ^{发挥某个作用}

• His death serves to remind us how dangerous using drugs can be. 

Car alarms constantly scream at us in the street and are a source of profound irritation.

scream at sb. ^{对某人大喊大叫}

• Jewish Mother: Don't scream at me. ^{母亲： 别对我吵吵。}
• Now you should scream at me, or curse me, or hit me.^{现在你必须对我吼叫，或者是，诅咒我，打我。}

a source of ^来源

• ..., but uncles and aunts are always a source of extra income.

A recent survey of the effects of noise revealed (surprisingly? ) that dogs barking incessantly in the night rated the highest form of noise pollution on a scale ranging from 1 to 7.

survey / poll / opinion poll ^民意测验

• I have an analytical approach to every survey.^{我对每项调查都采用一种分析的方法。}
• The final result of the poll will be known tomorrow.^{投票结果将于明天公布。}
• The opinion poll suggests a clean sweep for the Democrats.^{民意测验表明民主党有可能大获全胜。}

rate ^v.评定…

• The essay rates a low grade.
• His pulse rate dropped suddenly. ^{他的脉搏速率突然下降。}
• The crime rate is rising. ^{犯罪率正在上升。}

on a scale ^{在这样一个级别里面 （书上翻译有误）}

• The earthquake measured 8.0 on the Richter scale. 
• The students rate the teachers on a scale of 1 to 5.

range from A to B ^{在A到B的范围内}

• The team contained ten players whose ages ranged from 10 to 16 / ranged between 10 and 16. 

The survey revealed a large number of sources of noise that we really dislike.

reveal ^{v.揭示，透露；表明，证明；展示...}

• In spite of this, many people are confident that 'The Revealer' may reveal something of value fairly soon.
• She has refused to reveal the whereabouts of her daughter. ^{她已拒绝透露她女儿的行踪。}
•  In the principal room, a grey carpet was removed to reveal the original pine floor.  ^{在主房间里，一块灰色的地毯被挪开了，使原有的松木地板露了出来。}

Lawn mowers whining on a summer's day, late-night parties in apartment blocks, noisy neighbours, vehicles of all kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet villages, planes and helicopters flying overhead, large radios carried round in public places and played at maximum volume.

apartment block ^公寓大楼

• office block ^办公大楼
• He walked around the block three times.  ^{他绕着这个街区走了3圈。}

New technology has also made its own contribution to noise. 

contribution to sth. ^{某事的贡献}

• American economists have made important contributions to the field of financial and corporate economics.  ^{美国经济学家在金融社团经济学领域做出了重要贡献。}
• Instead, he made a generous contribution to help the community.^{相反，他为帮助社区做出了慷慨的贡献。}
• The school sees its job as preparing students to make a contribution to society. ^{这所学校以培养能为社会做贡献的学生为己任。}

A lot of people object to mobile phones, especially when they are used in public places like restaurant or on public transport.

object to + n. ^反对某事

• A lot of people will object to the book. ^{很多人会反对这本书。}
• I really object to being charged for parking. ^{我非常反对收停车费。}
• Working people everywhere object to paying taxes. ^{各地劳动人民都反对纳税。}

support / back + n. ^支持某事

• The vice president insisted that he supported the hard-working people of New York. ^{副总统坚持认为他支持勤劳的纽约人民。}
• The president gave his full support to the reforms. ^{该总统对改革予以了全力的支持。}
• His defence says it has found a new witness to back his claim that he is a victim of mistaken identity. ^{他的辩词称已经找到一位新的证人来证实他是弄错了的身份的受害者。}
• The company is compiling a dossier of evidence to back its allegations. ^{公司正在搜集证明材料来支持自己的指控。}

public transport ^{公共交通工具}

• = public transportation ^【美】
• = buses, trains etc.

Loud conversations on mobile phones invade our thoughts or interrupt the pleasure of meeting friends for a quiet chat.

on mobile phones ^{on = 使用}

• She is on the phone / computer.
• She is playing a piece of music on the piano. 

mobile phone ^手机

• = cell / cellular phone 

The noise pollution survey revealed a rather surprising and possibly amusing old-fashioned source of noise.

rather ^{adv.颇，相当、而不是}

• The problem was psychological rather than physiological. ^{这是个心理而不是生理问题。}
•  I grew up in rather unusual circumstances. ^{我在相当不寻常的环境中长大。}
• I'm afraid it's a rather long story. ^{我恐怕这是个相当长的故事。}

It turned out to be snoring!

turn out ^{结果是，最后是、被证明是，原来是}

• She turned out to be an organizer par excellence. ^{结果表明她是一个非常出色的组织者。}
• He ran a lot of tests and it turned out I had an infection called mycoplasma. ^{他进行了许多化验，结果证明我感染了支原体病毒。}
• I was positive things were going to turn out fine. ^{我当时就确信事情最终会好起来。}
• Cosgrave's forecast turned out to be completely wrong. ^{科斯格累夫的预测被发现是完全错误的。}

Men were found to be the worst offenders. 

worst offender ^罪魁祸首

• The worst offender—a coffee from Starbucks—had 561 calories. ^{最恶劣的罪魁祸首——星巴克咖啡——含有561卡路里的热量。}

It was revealed that 20% of men in their mid-thirties snore.

mid-thirties ^{三十岁中期}

• early thirties  ^{三十岁早期（出头）}
• late thirties ^{三十岁晚期}

This figure rises to a staggering 60% of men in their 60s.

rise / increase / jump / soar / rocket / spiral to...  ^上升到

• The temperature is expected to rise to 30°C by the afternoon.^{预计下午气温将上升到30摄氏度。}
• The population of the city has increased to over 1 million.^{这座城市的人口已增加到一百多万。}
• The stock price jumped to $50 per share after the announcement.^{公告发布后，股价跳升至每股50美元。}
• The eagle soared to great heights above the mountains.^{老鹰飞升到山脉上方的高空。}
• Sales rocketed to a new high during the holiday season.^{销量在假期期间飙升至新高。}
• The situation spiraled to a critical point quickly.^{情况迅速恶化到一个关键点。}

Against these figures, it was found that only 5% of women snore regularly, while the rest are constantly woken or kept awake by their trumpeting partners. 

against … ^与…相比

• Against last year's performance, this year's results are much better.^{与去年的表现相比，今年的结果要好得多。}
• = compared to / with ... = in / by comparison to / with ... = in / by contrast to / with ...

A as against B is as C against D

• His knowledge as against hers is as experience against youth. ^{他的知识与她的相比，就如同经验与年轻相比。}

Whatever the source of noise, one thing is certain: silence, it seems, has become a golden memory. 

whatever ^{引导让步状语从句时，常省略 be 动词。}

• Whatever the source of noise (is), one thing is certain : ......
• After all, whatever her faults (are), she is your mother.  
• The country is always beautiful whatever the season (is). 

a golden memory ^{金子般的回忆}

• a golden opportunity ^{金子般的机会}