Lesson 27 Nothing to sell and nothing to buy不卖也不买 修辞疑问句

It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. ^抛出论点

It + 被动 + that ^{引导的主语从句}

live by doing ^{靠某种职业为生}

• He lives by writing.
• He lives by sewing. 
• The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age which began about 35,000 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C.

live on sth. ^{靠某种食物或生活来源为生}

• He lives on meat and milk.
• He lives on salary.
• He lives on his parents. ^啃老

feed on sth. ^{动物以...为主食}

• Cows feed on hay.

prey on sth. ^{肉食性动物以别的动物为食}

• Owls prey on mice.

In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. ^{举例（论据）}

in （the） light of sth. ^{根据...;鉴于...}

Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text and gets answers. In the light of these he puts further questions, and so on.

He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.

并列句中重复的谓语动词可省略

• Mary was happy, but / and / while / whereas Jane (was) miserable.
• Mary was happy when Jane was miserable.

parallelism ^{排比（中国排比字数相当、英文排比三个或者以上，结构相当、谓语相同）}

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. — Francis Bacon

Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. — Francis Bacon

It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada (death is) inevitable and in California  (death is) optional. Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression can be controlled, cataracts can be removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure.

Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us. ^{论证（讲道理）}

Possible as it may be to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, ... ^{让步状语从句的强调}

• Although she is beautiful, I still don't like her. → Beautiful as she is, I still don't like her.

in terms of ... ^{以某种方式；从某个角度}

• In terms of money we're rich, but not in terms of happiness.

There are times when we would willingly give everything we possess to save our lives, yet we might grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely this service. ^论证

Ther be 固定句型表达时间状语 ^{作文加分项（比副词严肃庄重）}

we might grudge the high fee we would pay a surgeon for offering us precisely this service. ^替换

for 等价交换

• She gave me $30 for my bike.
• She bought my bike for $30.
• for nothing ^免费
• Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something for nothing.

造句：There are times when we would willingly pay tips and compliments to the waiters who serve us, yet we might grudge giving thanks to our mothers for offering us precisely this service.^{有时候我们愿意给为我们服务的侍者小费并称赞他们，但是在母亲为我们提供一样的服务的时候我们却吝惜感谢之辞。}

The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. ^感慨

Such are the conditions of society that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. ^{such位于句首引起部分倒装}

• Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.

造句：The conditions of schools are such that A-students are respected in the same way that achievers are esteemed in society.^{学校里的情况就是这样，优等生受到尊敬，正如社会上成功者受人景仰一样。}

Everyone has something to sell. ^{最后总结（呼应段首）}

1. topic sentence ^主题句
2. supporting sentences ^{扩展句（论证和论据）}
3. concluding sentence ^总结句

Tramps seem to be the only exception to this general rule.

seem to do ^看似...

• We seem to have hit a problem. ^{我们似乎遇到了问题。}
• Tramps appear to be the only exception to this general rule. ^写作替换
• It seems that tramps are the only exception to this general rule.^写作替换
• It appears that tramps are the only exception to this general rule.^写作替换

exception to sth. ^例外情况

• There are some exceptions to every grammatical rule.^{每条语法规则都有例外。}

Beggars almost sell themselves as human beings to arouse the pity of passers-by. 

Beggars sell their human dignity for the pity of passers-by. ^替换

• The moment they reach out their hands they are beggars spiritually. ^{他们一伸出手，在精神上就是乞丐。}

In seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity.

in doing = in the process of doing ^{做某事的过程中...}

• In trying to solve one problem, I created another.

on / upon doing ^{刚一...马上就...}

• On being observed, it immediately ran away.
• Upon arriving at the university, I went straight to the dormitory.

seek ^{v.寻找；寻求，谋求；请求}

• seek refuge / asylum
• seek compensation ^寻求赔偿
• seek comfort
• seek reelection ^寻求连任
•  Virgo woman seeks Scorpio man. ^{处女座女人追求天蝎座男人。}

A tramp may ask you for money, but he will never ask you to feel sorry for him.

feel sorry for ... ^{同情，怜悯：指对某人或某事感到难过、心疼或同情。}

• Even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way before once more turning its attention to the matador.

He has deliberately chosen to lead the life he leads and is fully aware of the consequences.

lead the life he leads ^{过他过的那种生活}

• We only help those who really need help. ^{帮助真正需要帮助的人}
• God helps those who help themselves.  ^{天道酬勤；皇天不负有心人}

He may never be sure where the next meal is coming from, but he is free from the thousands of anxieties which afflict other people.

be free from ... ^{免受，免于；没有…的，不受…影响的}

• He has been free from care since he retired.
• The composition is free from errors.
• Organic produce is free from harmful chemicals.

free ... from ... ^{使...没有...}

• ... but he frees himself from the thousands of anxieties ... ^本句替换
• He dedicated his life to freeing the world from famine and disease. ^{他一生致力于使世界摆脱饥荒和疾病。}

afflict ^{v.折磨，使痛苦}

• which distress other people. ^写作替换
• which torture / rack / torment other people.^加强感觉
• which other people suffer (from). ^{人做主语的替换}

His few material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease.

make it possible for sb. to do = enable sb. to do ^{使某人有可能做某事}

• They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money.
• Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people in this way.

from place to place ^{四处、四下里...}

• here and there ^{四下、到处}
• hither and thither ^古语
• The Cutty Sark rolled from side to side and it became impossible to steer her.
• from dawn to dusk ^从早到晚
• from head to foot ^从头到脚
• from top to bottom ^从上到下
• from start to finish ^从头到尾
• from cradle to grave ^从生到死

A rolling stone gathers no moss. ^{滚石不生苔。；户枢不蠹，流水不腐。；转业不聚财。}

By having to sleep in the open, he gets far closer to the world of nature than most of us ever do.

in the open (air) ^{outdoors 户外}

• Children need to play out in the open. ^{孩子需要在户外玩耍。}

than ^{引导比较状语从句的省略}

• He is taller than I am. → He is taller than I / me.

He may hunt, beg, or steal occasionally to keep himself alive; he may even, in times of real need, do a little work; but he will never sacrifice his freedom.

in times of happiness / grief / rage / crisis / boredom / war / peace ...  ^{在幸福/悲伤/愤怒/危机/无聊/战争/和平之时……}

• In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them.

We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care? ^答在问中

We often speak contemptuously of tramps ... ^{使用副词替换}

put ... in the same class as ... ^{把...归到同一类...}

• classify ... as ... ^{归类为：将某物或某人划分到某个类别或群体中。}
• ... and classify them as beggars.

rhetorical question ^{修辞疑问句（答在问中，往往出现在段落的末尾）}

是指以疑问句形式出现，但却具有强烈的肯定或否定作用的一种句式。 修辞性疑问句不需要对方回答，因为所题出的问题或者是不言自明、无需要回答的，或者是问得对方无言以对、无法回答。 修辞性疑问也可以自问自答，以起到强调自己观点正确的作用。

• O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind? ^{冬天了，春天还会远吗？}         'Ode to the West Wind' — P. B. Shelley
• Who among us has not dreamed of that? ^{我们当中谁没有梦想过这一个呢?}
• What is the use of our studying grammar if we can't put the grammatical rules into practice? ^{如果我们不能把语法规则付诸实践，学习语法又有什么用呢?}
• Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men's bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them? ^NCE4-22