Lesson 3 Matterhorn man马特霍恩山区人

Matterhorn man

知识点（1）

写作：alliteration头韵

Finding fossil man (Lesson1)

Spare that spider (Lesson2)

Matterhorn man (Lesson3)

The sporting spirit (Lesson6)

Pride and Prejudice (傲慢与偏见)

Prince and Pauper (王子与乞丐)

World Wide Watch (世界观察)

A Delicious Dish A Day （甜甜饮食）

Beauty and Beast （美女与野兽）

Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded.

Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is（比较状语从句）, the more highly it is regarded. （which...定语从句）

知识点（1）

【近似词组】表达“当代的”：

modern

modern-day

present-day today’s …

… of today

contemporary

知识点（2）

sport n. [U] fun; amusement 乐趣

Swimming in the sea will give you good sport.

He tormented the cat only for sport.（找乐趣）

On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship.

课文写法替换： 

…which will give them good sport, …

…which will give them good / a lot of fun, …

【辨析】sport

a good sport 输得起的人

Hey, man! Be a good sport! 

a bad / poor sport 输不起的人

a sore loser 输不起的人

知识点（3）Lesson03-09、Lesson 03-43、Lesson 03-55 比较级（10）

语法：“越…越…”比较

1）.两个the 分别放在句首，前半句从句，后半句是主句，从前往后翻译

The harder they worked(前半句从句，类似条件状语从句) the hungrier they became. （后半句是主句）

The more he gets, the more he wants

The harder you work, the greater progress you will（时态：主将从现） make.

It seems that the further cats fall, the less they are likely to injure themselves.

主句倒装

The younger the child is （从句）, the more is the child’s need of sleep. （主句，倒装）

The more democracy spreads, the stronger become（倒装） the forces of peace. 

如果谓语动词是be动词，这种句型可省略:

The younger the child is, the more is / will be the child’s need of sleep.

The younger the child, the more the child’s need of sleep. （be动词省略）

The higher the standard of living, the greater the amount of paper used. （be动词省略）

The higher the standard of living is, the greater is / will be（倒装） the amount of paper used.

The stronger the magnet, the greater the number of lines of magnetic force. （be动词省略）

The stronger the magnet is, the greater is （倒装）the number of lines of magnetic force.

The greater the percentage of such customers, the weaker the argument’s evidence as an indication of customer satisfaction with the change.

The greater the percentage of such customers is, the weaker is the argument’s evidence as an indication of customer satisfaction with the change.

课文写法替换：Lesson03-44

Needless to say, the bigger the risk an insurance company takes, the higher the premium you will have to pay.

Needless to say, the bigger the risk an insurance company takes is, the higher will be（倒装） the premium you will have to pay. 

2）.第一句the加比较级放在句中，第二句the加比较级放在句首，只能先翻译后半句，再翻译前半句

They became (the) hungrier （前半句是主句）the harder they worked.（后半句是从句）

I play (the) better（主句）, the more（从句） I practice. 

The more（从句） I practice, the better（主句） I play.

A compound is considered the more stable（主句）, the smaller（从句） its potential energy.

We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die（主句） the older we get（从句）, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. 

A telescope would have to be as far away as the planet Jupiter to look for life in outer space, because the dust becomes thinner（主句） the further we travel（从句） towards the outer edges of our own solar system.

In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all.

知识点（1）Lesson03-22、Lesson03-30

case 真实的情况

One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter. Yet this is not always the case.

No one suspected that there might be someone else on the farm who had never been seen. This was indeed the case.

表达“实情”句型：

Yet this is not always the case. 这不总是实情

This is not always the case. 这不总是实情

This is indeed the case. 这的确是实情

This is not the case at all. 这完全不是实情

This might not be the case. 这可能不是实情

This is not necessarily the case. 这不一定是实情

The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top, because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before.

The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top, because the summit was the prize they sought（定语从句）, especially if it had never been attained before（if... 条件状语从句）. （because... 原因状语从句）

知识点（1）

The early climbers

课文写法替换： 

the pioneers

the pioneer climbers 

their predecessors

Sometimes we go upstream to a favorite backwater, sometimes we have our party at the boathouse, which a predecessor of ours at the farm built in the meadow hard by the deepest pool for swimming and diving.

知识点（2）

prize （暗喻）sense of pride / honor / accomplishment 自豪感、荣誉感、成就感

I came, I saw, I conquered! ——Julius Caesar

Veni, vidi, vici.

知识点（3）

seek v. try to achieve sth. 寻求；寻找；探索；搜索

seek refuge / asylum

seek compensation 

seek advice

The incumbent president will not seek reelection.

Virgo woman seeks Scorpio man

It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.

it（形式主语） is true that（that...主语从句） during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought（at…时间状语）（which...定语从句，修饰manner）（equipped... 方式状语）, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.

知识点（1）Lesson03-16、Lesson03-43

It is true that ..., but ... 诚然…但… (先让步，再转折)（让步转折结构）

It was true that he had just bought a lamb, he explained, but his lamb was black.

造句：诚然中国还是一个发展中国家，但是她却充满了潜力。

It is true that China is still a developing country, but she is full of potential.

It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.

【近似词组】表达“诚然…但… (先让步，再转折)”： 

It is true that ..., but ...

Admittedly, ..., but ...

Granted, …, but …

Admittedly, I could have tried harder, but I still don't think all this criticism is fair.

Granted, he doesn't look too bad for his age, but I don't fancy him.

Granted, a snobbery of camping itself, based upon equipment and techniques, already exists; but it is of a kind that, if he meets it, he can readily understand and deal with.

让步之后，but/yet后的表达：

It is true that / Admittedly, / Granted, ...,

but/ yet that is not to say that ... 这并不少说

but/ yet it does not follow that ...这不一定得出这样的结论

but/ yet it does not necessarily mean that ... 这不对意味着

but/ yet we cannot ensure / guarantee that … 不能保证…

but/ yet there is no guarantee that … 不能保证

知识点（2）

face/confront 面临着

be faced (强调动态) / confronted (强调状态) with … 面临着…

China is faced / confronted with the problem of overpopulation.

6级阅读：    

But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control.

知识点（3）

语法：of a … nature 做后置定语，修饰前面的名词；表示“某种类型的…”

… dangers of the most perilous nature …

I can’t approve of things of this nature. 这种事

treaties of a political nature 政治性的条约

books of an erotic nature 色情的书刊

questions of an academic nature 学术性的问题

articles of a technical nature 技术性的文章

知识点（4）Lesson03-03

be equipped with … 装备上…

The city was even equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.

知识点（5）

in a manner 以…方式；manner单数

知识点（6）Lesson03-23

at the thought of 一想到

at the thought of the manner

at the … of … 【时间状语短语】一…就

On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat -- the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.

Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always go into raptures at the mere mention of the country.

She screamed at the sight of the ghost. 一看到就…

She trembled at the thought of the murder. 一想到就…

She fainted at the news of her father’s death.  一 获得（消息）就…

She wept at the mention of the accident.一提到就…

【课文仿写】  

造句: 防暴警察(riot police)在体育场外巡逻(patrol the stadium)，装备得使足球流氓(soccer hooligan)一看到就不寒而栗。

Riot police were patrolling the stadium, equipped in a manner which would make a soccer hooligan shudder at the sight.

知识点（7）

go out of one’s way (to do …) 不怕麻烦的特意做某事

Please don’t go out of your way for me.

It was very kind of you to go out of your way to meet us at the airport.

They had a single aim, a solitary goal -- the top!

知识点（1）

… a single aim, a solitary goal …

写作：同义词连用；加强语气

中文举例：

虚情假意

山盟海誓

千刀万剐

深仇大恨

英文举例：

I’m sick and tired of your silliness. 形容词

He is never one to pick and choose.动词

She is always complaining of her aches and pains.名词

It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers.

it（形式主语） is hard for us（for … 引出动词不定式的逻辑主语） to realize nowadays（时间状语） how difficult it was for the pioneers（how… 宾语从句）. （to … 真正主语）

Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains.

Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular （which...定语从句）（such as ...同位语）（Except for … 介词短语做状语）, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. （cut off… 非谓语动词引导原因状语）

知识点（1）

except for / but for … 含义1：除了……（放在句首，要带上for）

except for / but for / if it were not for … 含义2：若没有……的话（虚拟语气）

except for / but for / if it were not for your support, I would（虚拟语气） be in big trouble now.

Insects would（虚拟语气） make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would（虚拟语气） devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.

except / but (that) …含义1：除了…… 含义2：若没有……的话

I would buy a Mercedes except / but (that) I am（真实情况） poor. 

I would buy a Mercedes if I were（虚拟情况） rich.

知识点（2）地点介绍

Zermatt

Chamonix: the cradle of modern mountaineering

知识点（3）

tend to do 往往

People tend to need less sleep when they get older. 

Women tend to live longer than men.

【近似词组】表达“往往、常常、多数情况下”：

have a tendency to do

The drug is effective but has a tendency to cause headaches.

generally

In general

mostly

in most cases

on the whole

by and large

for the most part

most of the time

知识点（4）

settlements 小的居民区、村庄

知识点（5）

…cut off from civilization by the high mountains. （cut off… 非谓语动词引导原因状语）

课文写法替换：（which were定语从句）（去掉which were就做非谓语）

… (which were) cut off from civilization

… (which were) out of touch with civilization

… (which were) isolated from civilization

… (which were) separated from civilization

Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often 12 months old, all washed down with coarse wine.

Such inns as there were（限定性定语从句，修饰先行词inns，用as和such固定搭配） were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old（非谓语动词做后置定语,修饰cheese；或可以看做伴随状语）, all（非谓语washed动词的逻辑主语） washed down with coarse wine.（独立主格）

知识点（1）

Inn 乡下的小酒馆

知识点（2）定语从句

语法：限定性定语从句；先行词如出现such / the same / as / so 后面的关系代词用as，不用which和that

such / the same / as / so … as …

I need the same tool as you are using. 

I need such a tool as you are using.

I need as useful a tool as you are using.

知识点（3）

课文写法替换： 

Such inns as there were tended to be dirty and flea-ridden; …

知识点（4）Lesson04-02

语法：并列句中谓语动词课省略

…; the food (was) simply local cheese accompanied by bread often 12 months old.

…, for a spider always has eight legs and insect never (has) more than six.

非并列句不可省略：

Paul likes poetry, and Peter (likes) fiction.

Paul likes poetry, and I know that Peter likes（不可省略） fiction. 

知识点（5）

accompany 陪伴、伴随

The disease is accompanied by sneezing and fever.

知识点（6）

wash sth. down with sth. 用（后者）把（前者）送下去

We ate some sausage, and washed it down with whiskey.

Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could --sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers.

Often a valley boasted（事物做主语，表示“有”） no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could（地点状语）—sometimes with the local priest  (who was usually as poor as his parishioners（插入语、定语从句）), sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers. （两个sometimes 都可以看做wherever they could的同位语）

知识点（1）

boast 1.事物做主语，及物；表示“有”；2. 人做主语，不及物；表示“吹嘘”

【形近词组】复习

find one’s way  1. 人做主语；表示“找到道路” ；2. 事物做主语；表示“到达某地”

Specially-made lanterns are hung outside each house to help the dead to find their way（人做主语）. 

My nephew, George, has a money box but it is always empty. Very few of the fifty pence pieces and pound coins I have given him have found their way（事物做主语） there.

【形近词组】Lesson03-40、03-47

threaten to do 1.（人做主语）威胁做某事；2. （物做主语）有…的威胁

They threatened to（人做主语，威胁做某事） kill him if he didn’t obey.

Mining operations threaten to （物做主语，威胁做某事）destroy our environment.

We keep trying all four methods, but the sheer volume of rubbish we produce worldwide threatens to overwhelm （物做主语，有……的危险）us.

【形近词组】

promise to do 1.（人做主语）承诺做某事；2. （物做主语）有…的可能

He promised to （人做主语）call me every week.

It promises to（物做主语） be warm today.

Groundbreaking research by two French geophysicists promises to（物做主语） shed some light on the mystery.

知识点（2）

shelter 表“住处”时不可数

Food, clothing, shelter and transportation are basic necessities of daily life.

Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable.

Invariably（=always，放在句首加强语气） the background was the same: dirt（同位语） and poverty（同位语）, and very uncomfortable（形容词做同位语）.

For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed.

For men accustomed to (非谓语动词做后置定语) eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home（For... 介词短语做状语）, the change to the Alps（后置定语） must have been very hard indeed.

知识点（1）

形近：Lesson04-21

Men accustomed to struggling for survival against the elements and Indians were bewildered by politicians, bankers and businessmen, and unhorsed by fences, laws and alien taboos.

be accustomed to sth. /doing 习惯于…

= be used to sth. / doing

= be in the habit of sth. / doing