Lesson 2 Spare that spider不要伤害蜘蛛

Spare that spider

知识点（1）

写作：alliteration头韵

※ Finding fossil man (Lesson1)

※ Spare that spider (Lesson2)

※ Matterhorn man (Lesson3)

※ The sporting spirit (Lesson6)

※ Pride and Prejudice (傲慢与偏见)

※ Prince and Pauper (王子与乞丐)

※ World Wide Watch (世界观察)

※ A Delicious Dish A Day （甜甜饮食）

※ Beauty and Beast （美女与野兽）

※ Our hopes, our hearts, our hands are with those on every continent who are building democracy and freedom.

※ I am in favor of the ingenious, interesting and informative advertisements which give me a lot of enjoyment and inspiration.

※ Gre写作范文：

※ In sum, the vice president’s conclusion is suspicious. To better evaluate the argument, all of the above-mentioned evidence is definitely needed. A wise decision is always based upon careful scrutiny and concrete, convincing proof, not unclear, unwarranted assumptions and anticipations.（尾韵）

写作：rhyme 尾韵

※ Without art, society could still survive, but not thrive.

※ Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. 

※ Shops cater for the do-it-yourself craze not only by running special advisory services for novices, but by offering consumers bits and pieces which they can assemble at home.

※ Gre写作范文：    

※ Without knowledge, there would be neither basis nor guidance for any progress and development of mankind. Without imagination, human society would lose precious inspiration, innovation and reformation, and eventually grind to a standstill. Thus, while most professions and academic fields necessitate knowledge, imagination is equally important. …

知识点（2）

spare v. 节约，吝惜；饶恕；分出，分让

※ Spare（饶恕） my life! 

※ Spare（省下来） the rod and spoil the child.

※ The government will spare no expense to（不惜一切代价） stem the bird flu from spreading.

spare no effort to do  不遗余力

Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends?

知识点（1）

should 在疑问句一般翻译为“怎么会”

※ How should I know?

※ Why should conservatives vote for Bush? 

知识点（2）

※ 课文对比：

※ Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends？

※ You may wonder why spiders are our friends. （对比：1.比较啰嗦，原文是简单句，这是复合句，能用简单句就用简单句；2.吸引效果不如疑问句好；3.重点不突出，把不重要的信息降为插入语）

※ Lesson03-07

※ Dogs, it seems, love to chew up money.

※ Lesson04-08

※ Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables.

※ Lesson04-33

※ A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.

※ 对比：

※ Many of us believe that economic development is of paramount importance to china.

※ Economic development, many of us believe, is of paramount importance to china.

知识点（3）

写作：设问句开头，引起读者兴趣，避免说教语气

※ 对比：

※ Building harmonious personal relationships is very important in the modern society. （说教语气）

※ Why, you may wonder, should some of us become experts in building and maintaining personal relationships?（设问句）

Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race.

知识点（1）

语法、写作：回答why的疑问句要用because对应

知识点（2）

destroy  杀死

kill off 使动植物大量死去

※ Pollution in the sea has killed off a lot of marine life. 

slaughter / massacre 屠杀

※ The army slaughtered / massacred hundreds of unarmed civilians.

※ Nanjing massacre 

wipe put / exterminate 使灭绝

※ What wiped out / exterminated dinosaurs from the earth?

【辨析】

terminate vt. 使终止；使结束

※ Illegal contracts must be terminated. 

知识点（3）

… and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race.

写作注意：重要信息不用从句省略

知识点（4）

【近义词】表达“人类”：

human race

man / human being

mankind / humankind

humanity 人类；人性；人道

※ a crime against humanity

Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.

Insects would（虚拟语气） make it（形式宾语） impossible for us to live in the world（真正宾语） ; they would（虚拟语气）devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were（虚拟语气） not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals（定语从句）. （if... 条件状语从句）

知识点（1）复习：虚拟语气

1.语法复习：虚拟语气if从句的虚拟

1.与现在事实相反

If + S. + did / were, S. + would / should / could / might + do

2.与过去事实相反

If + S. + had done, S. + would / should / could / might + have done 

3.与未来趋势相反

If + S.+ should do, S.+ would / should / could / might + do

If + S.+ did / were to do, S.+ would / should / could / might + do （强调及其不可能）

2.语法：虚拟语气的倒装（只用于书面语）；if从句的虚拟语气中，出现were、had、should可用倒装；

※ 1.与现在事实相反：

※ If I were you, I would go abroad at once. 

※ Were I you, I would go abroad at once. （倒装）

※ 2.与过去事实相反：

※ If you had come here a little earlier just now, you might have met her. 

※ Had you come here a little earlier just now, you might have met her.  （倒装）

※ 3.与未来趋势相反

※ If it should rain tomorrow, you could stay at home.

※ Should it rain tomorrow, you could stay at home. （倒装）

※ 3.与未来趋势相反

※ If the sun were to rise in the west, I would lend you the money. 

※ Were the sun to rise in the west, I would lend you the money.

知识点（2）

make it possible for sb. to do 使某人能做某事

= enable sb. to do

※ They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money. Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people in this way.

= render sb. / sth. + adj. (fml.)使某人能做某事

※ His injury rendered him unfit for work.

※ Solar power could become a viable energy source, rendering fossil fuels obsolete.

知识点（3）

flocks and herds 指羊群和牛群

【扩展】

a flock of sheep / pigeons  羊群/鸽群

a herd of cattle / deer / elephants  多指牲畜，牛群

a drove of horses / cattle / sheep 驱赶的动物群

a pack of wolves / tigers / lions 多指猛兽、食肉动物

a pride of lions 专指狮子

a swarm of flies / bees 飞虫

a colony of ants / termites 一群

a school / shoal of fish 鱼群

知识点（4）

if it were not for … （虚拟）若没有……的话

※ If it were not for your support, I would be in big trouble now. 

※ Were it not for your support, I would be in big trouble now.（倒装）

【近义词组】表达“若没有、要不是……的话”：

but for … / except for …（虚拟）若没有、要不是……的话

※ But for / Except for your support, I would be in big trouble now.

※ 6级真题：    

※ ___D___ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.

(A) In case of

(B) In spite of

(C) Because of

(D) But for

※ 6级真题：    

※ He might have been killed ___A、B___the arrival of the police.

(A) except for

(B) but for

(C) with

(D) for

【近义词组】【扩展】

except / but (that) …1.除了… ；2. 若没有、要不是……的话

※ I would（虚拟） buy a Mercedes except / but (that) I am（真实） poor. 

※ I would （虚拟）buy a Mercedes if I were（虚拟） rich.

知识点（4）

本句写作总结：圆周句（掉尾句）特殊结构强调句；一般用于书面语，制造悬念，一般文章不能大量使用

※ Lesson04-24

※ That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable.

※ Although Tchaikovsky himself thought of the Pathetic Symphony as his crowning masterpiece, the premiere on October 28th 1893 in St. Petersburg proved a disappointment.

知识点（5）

insect-eating animals 吃昆虫的动物

= animals which eat insects

※ law-abiding citizens

※ = citizens who abide by the law

※ hand-made silverware

※ silverware which is made by hands

※ stress-related diseases

※ diseases which are related to stress

※ state-owned enterprises 

※ flower-selling girls

※ epoch-making masterpieces 

※ cancer-causing substances

知识点（6）【课文仿写】

※ 造句：如果我们没有得到杀毒软件的保护，计算机病毒可能会使我们无法安全地浏览网络，它们可能会摧毁计算机里全部的数据并窃取我们的个人信息。

※ Computer viruses would make it impossible for us to surf the Internet safely; they would destroy all the data in the computer and steal our personal information, if it were not for the protection we get from the anti-virus software.

We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders.

We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects（定语从句） but all of them (which are) put together（过去分词短语做后置定语，修饰all of them） kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders（过去分词短语做后置定语，修饰number）.

知识点（1）

owe 欠、感谢

【辨析】表达“欠”：

IOU 欠条

How much do I owe you? 

 走遍美国

How much do I owe you?

Well, that'll be eighteen dollars and seventy cents. No charge for the cleanup. It's on the house.

You owe him an apology / explanation.

 老友记

I feel like I owe you an explanation. I don't ordinarily go around kissing guys at parties.

【辨析】表达“感谢”：

I owe（感谢） you (one). 

I owe（感谢 you a lot / a great deal. 

【辨析】

owe A to B 把A归一于B

I owe my success to good luck.

owe A to B

= put A down to B

= attribute A to B

= assign A to B 

= ascribe A to B

= credit A to B

考研英语：

Albert Einstein once attributed the creativity in a famous scientist to the fact that he never went to school. There is undoubtedly a truth in his observation, but such a truth is not criticism of schools.

知识点（2）Lesson03-33

… who eat insects … 

上意替换：insect-eating animals

写作：上义词；同义词不好替换，用上义词替换

The lorry was loaded with empty beer bottles and hundreds of them slid off the back of the vehicle and on to the road.

Giant pandas are considered a national treasure and the Chinese government are doing their best to protect this endangered species.

Moreover, in the past two years other nearby cities may have begun to build similar golf courses or resort hotels. Indeed, the fact that Ocean View has already built these facilities might actually portend failure for Hopewell, …

知识点（3）

fraction: a small amount of sth. …的一小部分

His shares are now worth a fraction of their former value. 

【近义词】【辨析】

proportion / percentage 一部分

a high / large proportion / percentage of … 一大部分

a small / tiny proportion / percentage of … 一小部分

Lesson03-56

We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are effected by flooding, …

知识点（4）【课文仿写】

造句：我们所有人加在一起挣的钱也不过是比尔·盖茨的一小部分而已

All of us put together earn only a fraction of the money made by Bill Gates.

Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.

Moreover（此外，副词做状语，递进）, unlike some of the other insect eaters（介词短语做状语）, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.

知识点（1）Lesson03-15  表达“此外、而且、还”：（副词短语）

【近似词组】表达"此外，而且"，（没有感情色彩）

what is more / what's more 而且，还，（没有感情色彩，递进）

What is more, they will not have to rely solely on the written word.

He could not find his fifty pence piece anywhere, and what is more, he could not get his arm out.

moreover / furthermore

besides

in addition

additionally

【近似词组】表达"更糟的是…"，（有感情色彩）

to make things worse

to make matters worse

The team has lost the last two games and, to make matters worse, two of its best players are injured.

语法注意：非谓语动词如果是固定习语，不要考虑主语统一

【扩展】

stranger still 更奇怪的是

During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; …

知识点（1）

do harm to … 对…有害

do no harm to … 对…有无害

never do the least harm to … （加强否定词语气）完全无害

加强否定词语气：

I have no idea what to do next.

I don’t have the foggiest（加强语气） idea what to do next. 

I have no interest in boxing.

I don’t have the slightest interest in boxing.

Your school may have done away with winners and losers, but life has not. In some schools they have abolished failing grades; they'll give you as many times as you want to get the right answer. This doesn't bear the slightest resemblance to anything in real life. 

加强肯定语气：

All of us are influenced by … 所有人都受到影响

No one can avoid being influenced by … （双重否定加强语气）

All of us admit that… 所有人都承认

No one can deny that …（双重否定加强语气）

All of us are attracted by …所有人都被吸引

No one can resist … （双重否定加强语气）

Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them.

Spiders are not insects, as many people think（非限定性定语从句）, nor（倒装， are spiders 省略） even nearly related to them.

知识点（1-1）复习Lesson03-33

语法复习：非限定性定语从句

※ 课文举例：

※ Things can go wrong on a big scale, as （关系代词，非限定性定语从句，关系代词做discovered的宾语） a number of people recently discovered in Parramatta, a suburb of Sydney.

※ As （关系代词，非限定性定语从句，关系代词做explained的宾语） the Commanding Officer explained later, one half of the station did not know what the other half was doing!

※ If, as（关系代词，非限定性定语从句，关系代词做主语） has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks.

※ As（关系代词，非限定性定语从句，关系代词做主语） is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.

【辨析】

语法：as 引导的非限定性定语从句与 which 引导的非限定性定语从句的区别。

1、as 作为关系代词指代整个主句，而 which 作为关系代词指代整个主句或先行词均可。

2、as 引导的非限定性定语从句位于主句前、中、后均可，而which 引导的非限定性定语从句不能位于主句之前。

※ As a poet points out, life is but a dream. 

※ Children, as is always the case, love their mother.

※ She became angry, as many could see.

3、as 引导的非限定性定语从句含有“众所周知”的意思，常译为“正如……”，而which 引导的非限定性定语从句则未必有这个意思。

※ The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.（不能换成as，没有“正如”的含义）

4、在“as + is/was + done”结构中可省略“is/was”，而在 “which + is/was + done”可省略“which + is/was”，而不能只省略 be 动词。

※ As (is) reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city. 

※ a puma (which was) at large 

※ 托福语法改错题：

※ As Napoleon once pointed it out, attack is the best method of defense. X多了宾语 （美式认为错误）（英式中认为可以接受，as充当连词，不错宾语）

※ As Napoleon once pointed out, attack is the best method of defense. √ 

【辨析】

语法：as 引导方式状语从句

※ 课文写法替换：非限定性定语从句

※ Cave exploration, or pot-holing, as (it) has come to be known, is a relatively new sport. 

※ The problem, as I see it（方式状语）, is no big deal.

※ The author was brought up in a small village, as it（方式状语） is recounted in some of his stories.

知识点（1-2）Lesson04-02 非限定定语从句，主句是否定句

语法：as引导非限定定语从句的扩展，主句是否定句；

（1）、如果as引导“非限定定语从句”位于否定含义的主句之前，修饰整个主句；

（2）、如果as引导“非限定定语从句”位于否定含义的主句之后、之间，修饰的是去掉了否定词的肯定的主句

※ （1）、位于否定含义的主句之前

※ As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules. 

※ （2）、位于否定含义的主句之后、之间

※ She did not open the box, as her friends feared. 

※ She did not, as her friends feared, open the box. 

※ 翻译：她并没有像她朋友担心的那样打开盒子

※ Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them.

※ 翻译：蜘蛛并不像很多人认为的那样是昆虫

知识点（2）复习：部分倒装

※ Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them.

※ …… nor are spiders even nearly related to them. 

※ It tires not, nor does it boast of its power; ...

※ If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp.

※ All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days; nor in the life of this Administration; nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin. — — John F. Kennedy 

知识点（3）【课文仿写】

※ 造句：鲸鱼并不像很多人认为的是鱼，甚至和鱼几乎没有关系。

※ Whales are not fish, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them.

One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.

One（人们，单数） can tell the difference almost at a glance（介词短语做状语）, for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six. （for... 原因状语从句）

知识点（1）

tell the difference  看出区别

= tell sb. / sth. apart

※ It’s hard to tell the identical twins apart.

【近义词组】

distinguish / differentiate / discriminate + between A and B / A from B 区分开

※ ~ between causes and effects

※ ~ cancer cells from normal tissue

知识点（2）

语法：并列句的省略

※ One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never (has) more than six (legs).

※ Paul likes poetry, and Peter (likes) fiction.

※ 不能省略：不是并列句

※ Paul likes poetry, and I know that Peter likes fiction. 

How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf?

知识点（1）

be engaged in (doing) sth. 忙于（做）某事

※ He is engaged in politics / business.

※ He is engaged in searching for solutions.

※ For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.

知识点（2）

on one’s behalf / on behalf of sb. 1.为了某人的利益；2.代表

= in one’s interest / in the interest of sb.  为了某人的利益；

※ We are raising a fund on behalf of orphans.（1.为了某人的利益）

※ I beat you on your behalf.（1.为了某人的利益）

※ He delivered a speech on behalf of（2.代表） the government during the meeting.

One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that is something like 6 million spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.

One authority on spiders（后置定语） made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England（后置定语）, and he estimated that （that… 宾语从句）there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that is（that is ...引出同位语） something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.

知识点（1）Lesson03-55

that is (to say): or more exactly 也就是说，确切地说（引出同位语）

※ The fare is reduced for children, that is anyone under 15 years old.

※ One solution would be to change the shape of the screen, that is, to make it wider. 

※ Languages are taught by the direct method, that is to say, without using the student's own language.

※ I loved him ― that is, I thought I did.

※ I'll meet you in the city, that is, I will if the trains are running.

※ One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.

※ The navy was planning an expedition to the South Pacific Ocean with the purpose of watching a very unusual event, that is the planet Venus passing between the earth and the sun in 1769.  

【扩展】【复习】 “i.e”：“也就是说”

※ The film is only open to adults, i.e. people over 18.

※ The hotel is closed during low season, i.e. from October to March. 

※ The price must be more realistic, i.e. lower.

【扩展】【复习】“也就是说”

※ She has worked at the bank for many years, nine to be exact. （后置）

※ He was economical with the truth ― in other words, he was lying. 

※ It's fairly risky. Or to put it another way, don't try this at home.

知识点（2）复习

authority  1.权威；2.政府、当局（一般复数）

※ on 某方面的权威，介词用on

※ Yuan Longping is a leading authority（权威） on hybrid rice.

※ the authorities（政府、当局）

※ the local authorities（政府、当局）

※ the French / Chinese authorities（政府、当局）

※ When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities （政府、当局）ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly.

※ It is all too easy to blame the railway authorities（政府、当局） when something does go wrong.

知识点（3）

something like … 大约、大概…（用法更宽、不一定跟数字）

= some …

= something / somewhere in the region of … 大约、大概…

※ 课文写法替换：

※ … that is some / something in the region of 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.

※ In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy; but the scientific dust has long since settled, and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective. 

知识点（4）

【近义词】【辨析】表达“场地”：

a football / soccer + pitch / field 足球场（大型场地）

a tennis / basketball / badminton court （中型场地）

ring （特殊场地）

※ a boxing ring 拳击场

rink （特殊场地）

※ skating rink 冰场

※ roller skating rink  旱冰场

baseball diamond / court 棒球场

golf course / links 高尔夫球场

bowling alley 保龄球馆

Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects.

Spiders are busy for at least half the year（时间状语，状语前置） in killing insects.

It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day.

It（形式主语） is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill（how… 宾语从句）（to … 真正主语）, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day（非谓语动词引导原因状语，省略being）.

知识点（1）

guess 猜测

Guess what ？猜猜出什么事了?

※ Guess what? John got engaged to Susan!

※ 托福听力真题：    

A. He didn’t know that sally was in class this year.

B. He doesn’t want to be treasurer.

C. He doubts he’ll win.

D. He has no intention of looking for treasure.

※ W: Guess what? I just nominated you for this year’s class treasurer. 

※ M: Oh, no, Sally, you didn’t!

※ Q: What does the man imply?

※ Answer: (B) He doesn’t want to be treasurer. 

make a guess at … 猜某事

※ Make a guess at who’s behind the door. 

知识点（2）

wild: unreasonable; without careful thought 胡乱的、离奇的

※ a wild dream（梦） / imagination（想象） / speculation（推测） 胡乱的、离奇的…

※ Working with you is beyond my wildest dreams. 

知识点（3）

more than + n. 超过；不仅仅……

※ Peace is more than the absence of war.

※ These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.

※ The open sea was deep and mysterious, and anyone who gave more than a passing thought to the bottom confines of the oceans probably assumed that the sea bed was flat.

知识点（4）

※ 非谓语动词引导原因状语，省略being

※ … but they are hungry creatures, (being) not content with only three meals a day.

知识点（5）【课文仿写】

※ 造句前准备，参考新概念地道表达：平淡的日常生活

※ This invariably wins them the love and respect of others, for they add colour to the dull routine of everyday life.

※ 造句：他们是有事业心的年轻人，不会满足于平淡的日常生活。

※ They are enterprising young people, not content with the dull routine of everyday life.

It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.

it（形式主语）has been estimated that（that... 真正主语） the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year（后置定语） would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country（than... 比较状语）. 

知识点（1）

发音：鼻腔爆破 nasal explosion [t] / [d] + [n]

※ Britain

※ mutton

※ certain

※ mountain

※ didn’t

※ student 

（课文总结）
课文总结

写作题材：Question-Answer Pattern 问题回答模式，给出设问句，自问自答