Lesson 31 Success story成功者的故事 过去进行时 一般过去时 Used to do 形式主语

Before he retired, Frank was the head of a very large business company, but as a boy he used to work in a small shop. §

the head of + 名词 ^{…的老板，头、负责人}

• John is the head of the family. ^一家之主
• Frank is the head of the firm. ^{弗兰克是那家公司的总裁。}

* It was his job to repair bicycles and at that time he used to work fourteen hours a day.

at that time = just then = at that moment ^那时

He saved money for years and in 1958 he bought a small workshop of his own.

用 of one's own 或 one's own 由被修饰词的位置决定, 如果被修饰名词在前边, 用of one's own, 如果被修饰名词在后边, 用 one's own。

In his twenties Frank used to make spare parts for aeroplanes.

in one's -ies ^{在某人几十岁的时候}

in one's twenties/thirties/forties/fifties/nineties，十的倍数的复数形式可用于表达近似的、非确定的数量，与所有格形容词连用时表示大约的年龄。

• in my fifties ^{在我五十多岁的时候}
• In his fifties, he learned the second language. ^{他五十多岁了才学习第二语言}
• in the 1980s ^{在二十世纪八十年代}
• I worked / began the job in the 1990s.

In a few years the small workshop had become a large factory which employed seven hundred and twenty-eight people.

has become ^成长为…

in a few years ^{在一些年之后}

…factory which employed… ^{工厂雇佣…（除了人可以雇佣外，工厂、公司也可以这样表达)}

Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to success.

one’s hard early years = early in one’s hard life ^{某人的早年艰辛（生活）}

• the long road to success ^{通往成功的长路}
• There is a long way to go. ^{还有很长的路要走。}

She wanted him to repair their grandson's bicycle!

• chain: The bike chain moves whenever I start pedaling.
• gears: As the ground became flatter, I changed gears.
• tyre/tire: Both my tyres need more air.
• brake: I used the brake to stop the bike.
• reflector: I was able to see the cyclist because of his reflector.
• saddle: The saddle on my bike was too high, so I got James to lower it.
• crossbar: I put my leg over the crossbar and started to pedal.
• pump: I used the pump to put air in my tyres.
• bell: I ring the bell to let people know I’m behind them.
• brake lever: I wanted to stop, so I pressed the brake lever.
• handlebars: I put my hands on the handlebars and started to cycle.
• spokes: The wheels were turning so quickly that I couldn’t see the spokes clearly.
• valve: The valve on the bike regulates the air coming in and out of the tyres.
• stand: The bike will fall over if you don’t put down the stand.
• pedal: I put my feet on the pedals and started to cycle.

过去进行时表示过去某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作，和一般过去时经常在一个句子里使用。与一般过去时相比，它更强调动作的持续性，一般过去时则表示比较短暂的动作或事件。在叙述故事时，过去进行时往往用来表示背景。

used to do^{(动词原型)}

used to do 表示过去有过但现在已不存在的习惯，以便将过去与现在形成对照。它后面经常用由 but now…，but not…any more/any longer 等构成的、用了一般现在时的句子以强调过去和现在的不同之处。

除了名词、代词以外不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)也可以相当于名词来用，表达为一件事。所以识别为第三人称单数。