Lesson 38 Water and the traveller水和旅行者

Contamination of water supplies is usually due to poor sanitation close to water sources, sewage disposal into the sources themselves, leakage of sewage into distribution systems or contamination with industrial or farm waste.

contamination of... ^…的污染

• Contamination of water supplies is usually due to poor sanitation.^{供水的污染通常是由于靠近水源的卫生条件差。}
• The company was fined heavily for the contamination of the local river.^{该公司因污染当地河流而被重罚。}
• The soil contamination of the farmland made it unsuitable for growing crops.^{农田的土壤污染使其不适合种植农作物。}

be due to... ^{是由于/归因于}

• Contamination of water supplies is usually due to poor sanitation.^{供水的污染通常是由于卫生条件差。}
• The cancellation of the flight was **due to severe weather**.^{航班的取消是由于恶劣的天气。}
• His success is largely **due to his perseverance**.^{他的成功很大程度上归因于他的毅力。}

poor sanitation ^{卫生条件差/卫生设施差}

• Contamination of water supplies is usually due to **poor sanitation close to water sources**.^{供水的污染通常是由于靠近水源的卫生条件差。}
• Diseases spread rapidly in areas with **poor sanitation**.^{疾病在卫生条件差的地区迅速蔓延。}
• The government launched a campaign to improve **poor sanitation** in rural areas.^{政府发起了一项运动，以改善农村地区的卫生条件差。}

sewage disposal into... ^{将污水排入…}

• Sewage disposal into the sources themselves is one cause of contamination.^{将污水排入水源本身是污染的一个原因。}
• Proper sewage disposal into treatment plants is crucial for public health.^{将污水排入处理厂进行妥善处置对公共卫生至关重要。}

leakage of sewage into... ^{污水渗漏到…中}

• Leakage of sewage into distribution systems is another cause.^{污水渗漏到配水系统中是另一个原因。}
• The public works department is responsible for preventing the leakage of sewage into the streets.^{公共工程部门负责防止污水渗漏到街道中。}

contamination with... ^被…污染

• Contamination with industrial or farm waste is a serious issue.^{被工业或农业废物污染是一个严重问题。}
• The food samples showed signs of **contamination with bacteria**.^{食物样本显示出被细菌污染的迹象。}
• Preventing the **contamination with heavy metals** requires strict regulation.^{防止被重金属污染需要严格的监管。}

Even if a piped water supply is safe at its source, it is not always safe by the time it reaches the tap.

piped water supply ^{管道供水/自来水供应}

• Even if a piped water supply is safe at its source, it is not always safe by the time it reaches the tap.^{即使管道供水在水源处是安全的，但到达水龙头时不一定总是安全的。}
• The village finally got access to a reliable piped water supply.^{这个村庄终于获得了可靠的管道供水。}
• The new development includes an underground **piped water supply** system.^{这个新的开发项目包括一个地下管道供水系统。}

by the time... ^{等到…的时候}

• It is not always safe by the time it reaches the tap.^{等到水到达水龙头的时候，不一定总是安全的。}
• **By the time we arrived** at the station, the train had already left.^{等到我们到达车站的时候，火车已经离开了。}
• You must finish the report **by the time the manager returns** from her trip.^{你必须在经理出差回来的时候完成报告。}

Intermittent tap-water supplies should be regarded as particularly suspect.

intermittent (adj.) ^{间歇性的/断断续续的}

• Intermittent tap-water supplies should be regarded as particularly suspect.^{间歇性的自来水供应应被视为特别可疑。}
• The patient experienced **intermittent fever** throughout the night.^{患者整晚都有间歇性的发烧。}
• We are having trouble with an **intermittent signal** from the satellite.^{我们正面临着来自卫星的间歇性信号问题。}

tap-water supplies ^{自来水供应}

• Intermittent tap-water supplies should be regarded as particularly suspect.^{间歇性的自来水供应应被视为特别可疑。}
• Residents complained about the low pressure of the **tap-water supplies**.^{居民抱怨自来水供应的压力低。}

be regarded as ^{被视为/被认为是}

• Intermittent tap-water supplies should be regarded as particularly suspect.^{间歇性的自来水供应应被视为特别可疑。}
• The old treaty is no longer regarded as legally binding.^{这份旧条约不再被视为具有法律约束力。}
• His early work is widely **regarded as his most influential**.^{他的早期作品被广泛认为是他最具影响力的。}

suspect (adj.) ^{可疑的/不可信的}

• Intermittent tap-water supplies should be regarded as particularly suspect.^{间歇性的自来水供应应被视为特别可疑。}
• The police found a **suspect** package outside the embassy.^{警方在大使馆外发现了一个可疑包裹。}
• He gave a rather **suspect** explanation for his absence yesterday.^{他对昨天的缺席给出了一个相当可疑的解释。}

Travellers on short trips to areas with water supplies of uncertain quality should avoid drinking tap-water, or untreated water from any other source.

water supplies of uncertain quality ^{质量不确定的供水}

• Travellers on short trips to areas with water supplies of uncertain quality should avoid drinking tap-water.^{短期前往供水质量不确定的地区的旅行者应避免饮用自来水。}
• The remote village had **water supplies of uncertain quality**, prompting health warnings.^{这个偏远村庄的供水质量不确定，引发了健康警告。}
• It's recommended to boil the water due to **water supplies of uncertain quality** in the region.^{由于该地区供水质量不确定，建议将水烧开。}

avoid doing sth. ^{避免做某事}

• Travellers should avoid drinking tap-water, or untreated water from any other source.^{旅行者应避免饮用自来水，或来自任何其他来源的未经处理的水。}
• She always tries to **avoid eating late at night**.^{她总是尽量避免深夜进食。}
• To prevent injury, players must **avoid making direct contact** with the head.^{为了防止受伤，运动员必须避免头部直接接触。}

untreated water ^{未经处理的水}

• Avoid drinking tap-water, or untreated water from any other source.^{避免饮用自来水，或来自任何其他来源的未经处理的水。}
• Drinking **untreated water** can lead to serious gastrointestinal problems.^{饮用未经处理的水可能导致严重的胃肠道问题。}
• The park advises visitors not to drink the **untreated water** from the stream.^{公园建议游客不要饮用溪流中未经处理的水。}

It is best to keep to hot drinks, bottled or canned drinks of well-known brand names -- international standards of water treatment are usually followed at bottling plants.

keep to sth. ^{坚持/局限于（某物）}

• It is best to keep to hot drinks, bottled or canned drinks of well-known brand names.^{最好是坚持饮用热饮、知名品牌的瓶装或罐装饮料。}
• We should try to **keep to the original schedule** as closely as possible.^{我们应该尽量坚持原来的时间表。}
• During the fast, he decided to **keep to a diet of only liquids**.^{在禁食期间，他决定只局限于液体饮食。}

bottled or canned drinks ^{瓶装或罐装饮料}

• Keep to hot drinks, bottled or canned drinks of well-known brand names.^{坚持饮用热饮、知名品牌的瓶装或罐装饮料。}
• The vending machine sells various kinds of **bottled or canned drinks**.^{自动售货机出售各种瓶装或罐装饮料。}

well-known brand names ^{知名品牌名称}

• Bottled or canned drinks of **well-known brand names** are the safest choices.^{知名品牌的瓶装或罐装饮料是最安全的选择。}
• The store carries products only from **well-known brand names**.^{这家商店只销售知名品牌名称的产品。}

international standards of water treatment ^{水处理的国际标准}

• **International standards of water treatment** are usually followed at bottling plants.^{装瓶厂通常会遵守水处理的国际标准。}
• The factory proudly complies with all **international standards of water treatment**.^{这家工厂自豪地遵守所有水处理的国际标准。}

be followed at... ^{在…处被遵守/遵循}

• International standards of water treatment are usually followed at bottling plants.^{水处理的国际标准通常在装瓶厂被遵守。}
• Strict hygiene protocols must **be followed at all times** in the kitchen.^{厨房里必须始终遵守严格的卫生规程。}
• The company policy must **be followed at every branch** globally.^{公司政策必须在全球的每个分支机构都被遵循。}

Carbonated drinks are acidic, and slightly safer.

carbonated drinks ^{碳酸饮料/汽水}

• Carbonated drinks are acidic, and slightly safer.^{碳酸饮料是酸性的，略微安全一些。}
• The doctor advised her to reduce her intake of **carbonated drinks**.^{医生建议她减少碳酸饮料的摄入量。}
• Most **carbonated drinks** contain a lot of sugar and artificial flavorings.^{大多数碳酸饮料含有大量糖分和人工调味剂。}

acidic (adj.) ^酸性的

• Carbonated drinks are acidic, and slightly safer.^{碳酸饮料是酸性的，略微安全一些。}
• The soil in this area is highly **acidic**, making it unsuitable for certain crops.^{这个地区的土壤酸性很高，使其不适合种植某些作物。}
• Lemon juice is very **acidic**.^{柠檬汁酸性很强。}

Make sure that all bottles are opened in your presence, and that their rims are clean and dry.

make sure that... ^{确保/务必做到…}

• Make sure that all bottles are opened in your presence, and that their rims are clean and dry.^{务必确保所有瓶子都在你面前打开，并且它们的边缘是干净和干燥的。}
• Please make sure that all windows are closed before leaving the house.^{离开房子前，请务必确保所有窗户都关好了。}
• The manager will make sure that the team has all the necessary resources.^{经理将确保团队拥有所有必要的资源。}

in one's presence ^{在某人面前/某人到场时}

• Make sure that all bottles are opened **in your presence**.^{确保所有瓶子都在你面前打开。}
• The will was signed **in the presence of two witnesses**.^{遗嘱是在两名证人的面前签署的。}
• Children should always be well-behaved **in the presence of their elders**.^{孩子们在长辈面前应该始终表现良好。}

rims are clean and dry ^{边缘是干净和干燥的}

• Make sure that their **rims are clean and dry**.^{确保它们的边缘是干净和干燥的。}
• Before serving, check that the glass **rims are clean and dry**.^{在上菜前，检查玻璃杯的边缘是否干净和干燥。}

Boiling is always a good way of treating water.

a good way of doing sth. ^{做某事的好方法}

• Boiling is always a good way of treating water.^{煮沸始终是处理水的好方法。}
• Learning new vocabulary is a good way of improving language skills.^{学习新词汇是提高语言技能的好方法。}
• Meditation is considered **a good way of reducing stress**.^{冥想被认为是减轻压力的好方法。}

treat water ^{处理水/净化水}

• Boiling is always a good way of treating water.^{煮沸始终是处理水的好方法。}
• The city invested in new technology for **treating water** from the reservoir.^{该城市投资了新技术来处理水库中的水。}

Some hotels supply boiled water on request and this can be used for drinking, or for brushing teeth.

supply sth. on request ^{应要求提供某物}

• Some hotels supply boiled water on request.^{一些酒店应要求提供煮沸的水。}
• The library will **supply specific books on request** if they are not on the shelf.^{如果书架上没有，图书馆会应要求提供特定的书籍。}
• The service desk can **supply extra towels on request**.^{服务台可以应要求提供额外的毛巾。}

be used for doing sth. ^{被用于做某事}

• This can be used for drinking, or for brushing teeth.^{这可以用于饮用，或用于刷牙。}
• The new software can **be used for complex data analysis**.^{这个新软件可以用于复杂的数据分析。}
• The small room is usually **used for storage**.^{这间小房间通常被用于储藏。}

Portable boiling elements that can boil small quantities of water are useful when the right voltage of electricity is available.

portable boiling elements ^{便携式煮沸器/电热元件}

• Portable boiling elements that can boil small quantities of water are useful.^{可以煮沸少量水的便携式煮沸器是有用的。}
• He always travels with a **portable boiling element** to make coffee.^{他旅行时总是带着一个便携式煮沸器来煮咖啡。}

small quantities of... ^少量…

• Portable boiling elements that can boil small quantities of water are useful.^{可以煮沸少量水的便携式煮沸器是有用的。}
• The chemist needed only **small quantities of the rare chemical** for the experiment.^{化学家只需要少量这种稀有化学物质来进行实验。}

be available ^{可获得/有空}

• Portable boiling elements are useful when the right voltage of electricity is available.^{当有正确电压的电可用时，便携式煮沸器是有用的。}
• The specialist doctor is only **available** for appointments on Wednesdays.^{这位专科医生只在周三有空进行预约。}
• Fresh vegetables are **available** at the local market every morning.^{每天早上在当地市场都可以买到新鲜蔬菜。}

Refuse politely any cold drink from an unknown source.

refuse politely ^{礼貌地拒绝}

• Refuse politely any cold drink from an unknown source.^{礼貌地拒绝任何来自未知来源的冷饮。}
• It is important to **refuse politely** if you are offered something you do not want.^{如果你被提供了你不想要的东西，礼貌地拒绝是很重要的。}
• She had to **refuse politely** the invitation to the party due to a prior commitment.^{由于事先有约，她不得不礼貌地拒绝了派对的邀请。}

unknown source ^未知来源

• Refuse politely any cold drink from an **unknown source**.^{礼貌地拒绝任何来自未知来源的冷饮。}
• The police are investigating the origins of the package from an **unknown source**.^{警方正在调查这个来自未知来源的包裹的来源。}
• Never eat food that comes from an **unknown source**.^{永远不要吃来自未知来源的食物。}

Ice is only as safe as the water from which it is made, and should not be put in drinks unless it is known to be safe.

only as safe as... ^{仅与…一样安全}

• Ice is only as safe as the water from which it is made.^{冰仅与制造它的水一样安全。}
• The chain is only as safe as its weakest link.^{这条链条仅与它最薄弱的环节一样安全。}
• A network is only as safe as its least protected computer.^{一个网络仅与它保护最少的电脑一样安全。}

be made from/of ^{由…制成/构成（根据语境选择 from 或 of）}

be put in drinks ^{被放入饮料中}

• Ice should not be put in drinks unless it is known to be safe.^{除非已知是安全的，否则不应该将冰放入饮料中。}
• The cocktail must **be put in drinks** right before serving.^{鸡尾酒必须在饮用前立即放入。}

unless it is known to be safe ^{除非已知是安全的}

• Ice should not be put in drinks unless it is known to be safe.^{除非已知是安全的，否则不应该将冰放入饮料中。}
• Do not operate the machinery unless it is known to be safe.^{除非已知是安全的，否则不要操作这台机器。}
• We will not proceed with the plan **unless it is known to be safe** for the environment.^{除非已知对环境是安全的，否则我们不会继续这个计划。}

Drinks can be cooled by placing them on ice rather than adding ice to them.

be cooled by doing sth. ^{通过做某事被冷却}

• Drinks can be cooled by placing them on ice.^{饮料可以通过将它们放在冰上来冷却。}
• The laboratory samples must **be cooled by circulating water** constantly.^{实验室样品必须通过不断循环水来冷却。}

place on ice ^放在冰上

• Drinks can be cooled by placing them on ice rather than adding ice to them.^{饮料可以通过将它们放在冰上而不是加入冰块来冷却。}
• The seafood should be kept fresh by **placing it on ice**.^{海鲜应该通过将它放在冰上来保持新鲜。}
• She asked the waiter to **place the wine on ice** to chill it quickly.^{她要求服务生将葡萄酒放在冰上快速冷却。}

rather than ^{而不是/并非}

• Drinks can be cooled by placing them on ice rather than adding ice to them.^{饮料可以通过将它们放在冰上而不是加入冰块来冷却。}
• We decided to walk **rather than take a taxi** to the museum.^{我们决定步行而不是乘出租车去博物馆。}
• The report focused on solutions **rather than dwelling on the problems**.^{这份报告专注于解决方案，而不是过多纠缠于问题。}

Alcohol may be a medical disinfectant, but should not be relied upon to sterilize water.

medical disinfectant ^{医用消毒剂}

• Alcohol may be a medical disinfectant, but should not be relied upon to sterilize water.^{酒精可能是一种医用消毒剂，但不应该依靠它来给水消毒。}
• The nurse used a standard medical disinfectant to clean the wound.^{护士使用标准的医用消毒剂来清理伤口。}
• The hospital maintains a high level of cleanliness by using powerful **medical disinfectants**.^{医院通过使用强力医用消毒剂来保持高水平的清洁度。}

be relied upon to do sth. ^{被依赖/信任去做某事}

• Alcohol should not be relied upon to sterilize water.^{不应该依靠酒精来给水消毒。}
• The new software can be reliably relied upon to handle large volumes of data.^{可以可靠地依赖这个新软件来处理大量数据。}
• The team leader is someone who can always be relied upon to deliver results.^{团队领导是总可以被依赖交付成果的人。}

sterilize water ^{给水消毒/使水无菌}

• Alcohol should not be relied upon to sterilize water.^{不应该依靠酒精来给水消毒。}
• Boiling is an effective way to sterilize water for drinking.^{煮沸是一种给饮用水消毒的有效方式。}
• The equipment is designed to sterilize water using UV light.^{该设备设计成使用紫外线给水消毒。}

Ethanol is more effective at a concentration of 50-70 per cent; below 20 per cent, its bactericidal action is negligible.

be effective at a concentration of... ^{在…浓度下有效}

• Ethanol is more effective at a concentration of 50-70 per cent.^{乙醇在 50-70% 的浓度下更有效。}
• The cleaning agent is most effective at a concentration of 1:10 with water.^{这种清洁剂在与水以 1:10 的浓度下最有效。}

bactericidal action ^杀菌作用

• Below 20 per cent, its bactericidal action is negligible.^{低于 20% 时，它的杀菌作用可以忽略不计。}
• The drug's bactericidal action rapidly eliminated the infection.^{这种药物的杀菌作用迅速消除了感染。}

be negligible ^{可忽略不计的}

• Below 20 per cent, its bactericidal action is negligible.^{低于 20% 时，它的杀菌作用可以忽略不计。}
• The risk of contamination is negligible with proper handling.^{在正确操作下，污染的风险可以忽略不计。}
• The price difference between the two models is negligible.^{这两个型号之间的价格差异可以忽略不计。}

Spirits labelled 95 proof contain only about 47 per cent alcohol.

spirits labelled... ^{标记为…的烈酒}

• Spirits labelled 95 proof contain only about 47 per cent alcohol.^{标记为 95 度的烈酒只含有大约 47% 的酒精。}
• You should check the expiry date on goods **labelled 'fresh'**.^{你应该检查标记为“新鲜”的商品的保质期。}
• The product is one of the many items **labelled 'organic'** in the supermarket.^{该产品是超市里许多标记为“有机”的物品之一。}

contain only about... ^{仅含有大约…}

• Spirits labelled 95 proof contain only about 47 per cent alcohol.^{标记为 95 度的烈酒仅含有大约 47% 的酒精。}
• The sample was surprisingly pure and **contained only about a trace** of impurities.^{这个样品出奇地纯净，仅含有大约微量的杂质。}
• The small bottle of medication **contains only about ten doses**.^{这小瓶药仅含有大约十剂。}

Beware of methylated alcohol, which is very poisonous, and should never be added to drinking water.

beware of... ^{谨防/提防…}

• Beware of methylated alcohol, which is very poisonous.^{谨防甲醇（变性酒精），它毒性很大。}
• Travellers should **beware of pickpockets** in crowded tourist areas.^{旅行者应提防拥挤旅游区的小偷。}
• Please **beware of the wet floor** after the cleaning staff have finished.^{清洁人员完成后，请提防湿滑的地面。}

be very poisonous ^毒性很大

• Methylated alcohol is very poisonous.^{甲醇（变性酒精）毒性很大。}
• Certain wild mushrooms can be very poisonous and should be avoided.^{某些野生蘑菇毒性很大，应避免食用。}
• The gas leak was a serious threat as the chemical could **be very poisonous**.^{煤气泄漏是一个严重的威胁，因为这种化学物质毒性很大。}

should never be added to... ^{绝不应该被加入…中}

• Methylated alcohol should never be added to drinking water.^{甲醇绝不应该被加入饮用水中。}
• Such corrosive liquids **should never be added to the drain**.^{这种腐蚀性液体绝不应该被倒入下水道。}
• This particular ingredient **should never be added to the mixture** until the very end.^{这种特殊的成分绝不应该在最后之前被加入混合物中。}

If no other safe water supply can be obtained, tap water that is too hot to touch can be left to cool and is generally safe to drink.

safe water supply ^{安全供水/安全水源}

• If no other safe water supply can be obtained, tap water can be left to cool.^{如果无法获得其他安全水源，可以将自来水放凉。}
• The community is working to ensure a constant safe water supply for all residents.^{社区正在努力确保为所有居民提供持续的安全供水。}
• Contamination of the well required the search for an alternative **safe water supply**.^{水井的污染要求寻找替代的安全水源。}

can be obtained ^{可以获得/取得}

• If no other safe water supply can be obtained.^{如果无法获得其他安全水源。}
• Further information about the product **can be obtained** from the company website.^{有关该产品的更多信息可以从公司网站上获得。}
• The necessary permit **can be obtained** at the town hall.^{必要的许可证可以在市政厅取得。}

too hot to touch ^{烫得无法触摸}

• Tap water that is too hot to touch can be left to cool.^{烫得无法触摸的自来水可以放凉。}
• The metal surface was too hot to touch after being in the sun all day.^{金属表面在阳光下晒了一整天后烫得无法触摸。}

be left to cool ^{被留下冷却/放凉}

• Tap water that is too hot to touch can be left to cool.^{烫得无法触摸的自来水可以放凉。}
• The fresh-baked bread should **be left to cool** completely before slicing.^{新鲜出炉的面包应该完全放凉后再切片。}

generally safe to drink ^{通常可以安全饮用}

• Tap water that is left to cool is generally safe to drink.^{放凉的自来水通常可以安全饮用。}
• The milk, if stored correctly, is generally safe to drink until the expiry date.^{牛奶如果储存正确，通常可以安全饮用到保质期。}

Those planning a trip to remote areas, or intending to live in countries where drinking water is not readily available, should know about the various possible methods for making water safe.

planning a trip to... ^{计划去…旅行}

• Those planning a trip to remote areas, or intending to live in countries... should know about methods for making water safe.^{那些计划去偏远地区旅行，或打算居住在饮用水不容易获得的国家的人，应该了解使水安全可饮用的各种可能方法。}
• We are currently planning a trip to the mountains for the winter holiday.^{我们目前正在计划冬季假期去山区旅行。}

intending to live in... ^{打算居住在…}

• Those intending to live in countries where drinking water is not readily available should know the methods for making water safe.^{那些打算居住在饮用水不容易获得的国家的人，应该了解使水安全可饮用的方法。}
• She is **intending to live in Europe** for a few years to study art history.^{她打算在欧洲居住几年，学习艺术史。}

drinking water is not readily available ^{饮用水不容易获得/随时可得}

• In countries where drinking water is not readily available.^{在饮用水不容易获得的国家。}
• In the aftermath of the storm, clean **drinking water was not readily available** to all residents.^{风暴过后，清洁的饮用水不容易随时提供给所有居民。}

know about the various possible methods for doing sth. ^{了解做某事的各种可能方法}

• Should know about the various possible methods for making water safe.^{应该了解使水安全可饮用的各种可能方法。}
• The engineer needs to **know about the various possible methods for solving** the stability issue.^{工程师需要了解解决稳定性问题的各种可能方法。}