Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry工业中的秘密
First listen and then answer the following question: Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry.
One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.
In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm.
The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably.
Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.
Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.
Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes.
This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.
Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned.
Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.
J. D. BERNALThe Social Function of Science
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Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry.
知识点（1）
weigh
weigh one’s words 斟酌词句
weigh the pros and cons 斟酌利弊、得失
※ We must weigh the pros and cons before deciding whether to invest our money.
weigh with sb. 对某人来说很重要
※ It weighs heavily with me.
※ = It matters to me.
※ = It means a lot to me.
※ = It makes a lot of difference to me.
weigh in one’s favor 对…有利
※ These facts will weigh in your favor.
weigh against … 对…不利
※ The lady’s evidence will weigh against him. I’m not optimistic about the verdict.
One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.
One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which（先行词，指代secrecy） it is carried out（which...定语从句）, the other（being） the lack of freedom of the individual research worker（独立主格）.
知识点（1）
atmosphere n. 英文解释：the mood or feeling that exists in a place and affects the people who are there 气氛
※ After Joe left there was a more relaxed atmosphere at home.
atmosphere of … …的气氛
※ There is an atmosphere of tension in the city today.
知识点（2）
语法：独立主格
One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other (being) the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.
In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm.
In so far as(因为) any inquiry is a secret one（原因状语从句）, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from（后置定语,修饰those） effective contact with （后置定语,修饰contact） their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough（相当的）, in other departments of the same firm（后置定语,修饰scientists）.
知识点（1）
in so far as … / insofar as …
含义1：= to the extent that … 在…的范围之内；到达…的程度
※ She cites other scholars’ work only insofar as it supports her own theories.
含义1：= because / since / in that
※ He can be trusted insofar as he has never told a lie.
知识点（2）
limit … from … 使…限制；使…不能
【近似词组】表达“使…限制；使…不能”：
keep … from …
※ His wife keeps him from alcohol.
bar / prevent … from …
※ The problem barred / prevent me from completing the work.
dissuade … from
※ I dissuaded him from committing suicide.
prohibit … from … 禁止…做某事
ban … from … （命令禁止）禁止…做某事
disqualify … from … 使…没有资格做某事
※ His criminal record disqualifies him from serving on a jury.
save / rescue … from … 拯救…使…免于
restrain … from … 阻住…做某事
※ Please restrain yourself from coughing during the performance.
知识点（3）
keep in contact with sb. 与某人保持联系
= keep in touch with sb.
contact 做及物动词
※ Please don’t hesitate to contact with me if you have further questions. X 错误表达
※ Please don’t hesitate to contact me if you have further questions.
The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably.
知识点（1）
vary 表“变化”
表达“变化相当大的”：
vary greatly / widely / significantly / dramatically / enormously / substantially
表达“变化小的”：
vary slightly / somewhat
表达“在某方面有所不同”：
vary in size / degree / length …
※ Rooms vary in size but all have television and telephone.
【词组搭配】
vary according to … 因…而异
※ The leaf's size varies widely according to the area where it grows.
※ Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.
vary from … to … 从…到…是不同的
※ Tests scores vary from school to school.
※ The amount of sleep we need varies from person to person.
※ Office hours vary from company to company and country to country.
Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.
Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that（that... 引导结果状语） it（形式主语）is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret（真正主语）. （which...定语从句）
知识点（1）Lesson04-03
语法：of a … nature 做后置定语，修饰前面的名词；表示“某种类型的…”
※ … dangers of the most perilous nature …
※ It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement
※ I can’t approve of things of this nature. 这种事
※ treaties of a political nature 政治性的条约
※ books of an erotic nature 色情的书刊
※ questions of an academic nature 学术性的问题
※ articles of a technical nature 技术性的文章
知识点（2）
※ 课文写法替换：so … that …
※ … which are so general and fundamental that it is …
※ 课文写法替换：表达“对他们来说最有利的”：
※ … it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.
※ … it is in their best interests not to …
※ 课文写法替换：表达“不保密”
※ … it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.
※ … to keep them open (to the public).
观点 更新于:2024-08-24 12:41:06
Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.
Yet a great many processes depending on such research（非谓语动词做后置定语,修饰processes） are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which（which 修饰 stage） patents can be taken out（which...定语从句）.
知识点（1）
research [U] / researches [pl.]
※ a research X错误表达
※ two researches X错误表达
study 表“研究”：
※ a study √
※ two studies √
知识点（2）
seek 寻求；寻找；探索；搜索
※ seek refuge / shelter / asylum
※ seek revenge
※ seek comfort
seek for / after … 追求…
※ seek for solutions
※ His book is much sought after.
知识点（3）
take out a patent 取得专利
apply for a patent 申请专利
give / grant a patent 授予专利
infringe a patent 侵犯专利
知识点（4）
※ 课文写法替换：表达“直到拥有知识产权”：
※ … until the stage at which patents can be taken out.
※ … until they own the intellectual property rights.
Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes.
This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.
This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries（than... 比较状语）. （where… 非限定性定语从句，看做原因状语从句）
知识点（1）
apply to … 适用于
※ The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.
※ The restriction no longer applies to him because he is over 18.
知识点（2）
chance adj. accidental 偶然的
※ a chance meeting / encounter
【反义词】
deliberate adj. 故意的
intentional adj. 故意的
【词组搭配】
chance 做动词
chance / happen to do 偶然…
※ He chanced / happened to be out when I called him.
as chance would have it 碰巧
= as luck would have it
知识点（3）Lesson03-56
play a … role / part in … 发挥某种作用
※ 造句：西安市在中国历史上有至关重要的作用。
※ The city of Xi’an played a crucial role in the history of China.
※ 造句：政府在促进人权方面应该发挥更显著的作用。
※ The government should play a more prominent part in promoting human rights.
※ Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.
※ The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
※ John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family.
知识点（4）知识扩展：偶然发现
Legend has it that（据传说） the antibiotic penicillin is a chance discovery by British bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming.
If I have ever made any valuable discoveries, it has been owing more to patient observation than to any other reason.
— Isaac Newton, English physicist
Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned.
Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. （that... 引导结果状语）
Many firms, for instance have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.
Many firms, for instance（插入语）, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered（登记、记录） as having taken out such and such a book, for fear（“以免”，复合连词，看做引导目的状语） the agents of other firms should（should do 句型，对应for fear） be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking（定语从句）. （because... 原因状语从句）
知识点（1）
have difficulty (in) doing sth. 做某事有苦难
= have trouble (in) doing sth.
= have a hard time doing sth.
※ She had a hard time writing the dear John letter.
【复习】Lesson04-08
be hard-pressed to do sth. 某事太复杂，不大可能成功或发生
be hard-pressed to do sth. at all 某事太复杂，根本不大可能成功或发生
※ Owing to shortage of staff, the emergency services were hard-pressed to deal with the accident.
※ Although negotiators are optimistic, the details are complex enough that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all.
知识点（2）Lesson03-48
be unwilling to do sth. 不愿意做某事
= be reluctant to do sth.
※ Though he was reluctant to do so at first, we eventually persuaded him to take us.
= be disinclined to do sth. （更正式）
※ I was disinclined to talk to him about it.
= be indisposed to do sth. （更正式）
※ He seemed somewhat indisposed to depart. be willing to do sth.
【反义词组】表达“愿意做某事”：
be ready / prepared to do sth.
be inclined to do sth.
be disposed to do sth.
知识点（3）
take out 含义1： borrow books from a library 从图书馆借书
※ You can take out six books at a time.
take out 含义2： obtain an official document 获得政府正式文件
※ take out an insurance policy / a mortgage / a patent
※ They find a house, agree a price, and take out a mortgage.
知识点（4）
such and such a 某某
※ such and such a person
※ such and such a place
知识点（5）
for fear (that) … （正式）以免、以防（引导目的状语）
in case (that) …
※ I daren’t tell you what he did, for fear that he should be angry with me.