Lesson 5 Youth青年

People are always talking about 'the problem of youth'.

知识点（1）Lesson03- 02

be always doing （贬义）老是做某事

※ He’s always having arguments with people.

※ Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.

※ 4级真题：

A. The woman would understand if she did Mary’s job.

B. The woman should do the typing for Mary.

C. The woman should work as hard as Mary.

D. The woman isn’t a skillful typist.

※ W: Mary is always complaining about her job.

※ M: Maybe if you try typing letters every day, you'd see what it's like. 

※ Q: What does the man mean?

※ Answer: (A) The woman would understand if she did Mary’s job.

【近似词组】表达“老是做某事”：

be forever doing （贬义）

※ He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and gentle pace of living.

be constantly / continually doing sth. （贬义）

※ Your behavior reflects on me, and I can't do my job if you're constantly humiliating me.

※ Constantly? Aside from today, give me one example.

keep (on) doing sth. （贬义）

※ From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home.

※ In the process, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept telling everybody how much he hated hospitals.

do sth. all the time / time and time again / with monotonous regularity / ad nauseam（贬义）

※ The same old favorites recur year in year out with monotonous regularity.

※ 托福听力真题： 

A. He is tired of waiting for assistance.

B. He doesn't have to ask his friends for help.

C. His foot hurts too much to walk.

D. He doesn't like to bother people.

※ W: I thought the doctor said you should stay off your foot until the swelling goes down.

※ M: She did. It just makes me uncomfortable to ask my friends to wait on me all the time.

※ What does the man mean?

※ Answer: (D) He doesn't like to bother people.

If there is one -- which I take leave to doubt -- then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves.

If there is one—which I take leave to doubt（插入语，表怀疑）—（if... 条件状语从句）then it is（强调句） older people who（强调的是人，用who） create it, not the young themselves. 

知识点（1）

※ … which I take leave to doubt （插入语，表怀疑）…

【近义词组】表达怀疑：

at all 在疑问句、条件状语从句中标识“真的…，对此不大相信”

※ Do you know him at all? 你真的认识他吗？

※ He will come before dinner if he comes at all.

※ 课文写法替换： 

※ If there is one at all, then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves.

知识点（2）复习

语法：强调句

it is / was … that / who …

知识点（3）

语法：if … then…（then是副词、非必须，与if从句呼应，使if从句连冠感更强；往往用于if从句和主句之间有其他比较长的成分）

知识点（4）【课文仿写】

【课文句型提炼】

If …… —which I take leave to doubt—then it is … that / who …, not … 

如果…对此我不能苟同，那么是某人会怎么样…，而不是…

※ 造句:  如果真有天堂的话（请允许我对此表示怀疑），那么也是有钱有势的人（the rich and powerful）去的地方, 而不是穷人自己可以去的地方。

※ If there is heaven—which I take leave to doubt—then it is the rich and powerful who can enter, not the poor themselves.

Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings -- people just like their elders.

Let us get down to fundamentals and agree（承认） that the young are after all human beings—people just like their elders（同位语）. （that… 宾语从句）

知识点（1）

get down to sth. / doing 英文解释：to start doing sth. seriously开始认真严肃的做某事

※ Let’s get down to business.

※ Let’s get down to discussing the details.

知识点（2）

agree v. accept / admit / acknowledge / recognize / concede 承认

There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.

There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the

young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him（one difference的同位语）: and（大并列） maybe that is where the rub is（… 表语从句）. 

知识点（1）

just / merely / no more than + one difference 只有唯一的区别

a single / solitary difference 唯一的

知识点（2）

写作：antithesis 对比；结构相同、意思相对；修辞可以增强表达效果

※ … the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him …

※ When poverty comes in at the door, love leaps out at the window.

※ 翻译（对仗）：贫穷跨们而入、爱情破窗而出

※ A mother takes twenty years to make a man of her boy, and another woman takes twenty minutes to make a fool of him.

※ 中文对仗举例：

※ 谦受益、满招损

※ 人有悲欢离合、月有阴晴圆缺

※ 卑鄙是卑鄙者的通行证、高尚是高尚者的墓志铭

※ 文竹、武松

※ 孙行者、祖冲之

※ 三星白兰地、五月黄梅天

※ 一品天青带、六味地黄丸

知识点（3）

that is where…  那就是

※ That’s where you and I differ. 

※ That’s where I draw the line. 这种事坚决不做

When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain -- that I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem.

When I was a teenager（时间状语从句）, I felt that I was just young and uncertain—that I was a new boy in a huge school（—that... 解释前面的表语从句） （that I was… 表语从句）, and I would have（虚拟语气） been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem（形容词短语做后置定语，修饰something）. （to be …不定式可以看作条件状语）

知识点（1）

teenager / teen n. 青少年

in one’s teens 

※ When I was in my teens, … 

【扩展】

adolescent n. & adj. n. 青少年 adj. 青春期的；未成熟的

※ When I was an adolescent, … 

※ my adolescent daughter 

adolescence n. 青春期

juvenile 少年的；未成年的

※ juvenile delinquency

※ juvenile delinquent

知识点（2）

写作：暗喻

huge school 比喻“society 社会”

写作：明喻

※ The society is like a huge school. 

知识点（3）复习

【近义词组】表达“把A看作B”：

regard / see / count A as B

think of / look on / conceive of A as B

consider A (to be) B

※ If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy.

deem / reckon A to be B

be recognized / acknowledged as … 被公认为是…

※ Heifetz was recognized / acknowledged as the greatest violinist of the 20th century.

知识点（4）

本句话总结：Being a problem is better than being a nobody.

For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.

For one thing（介词短语做状语，“原因之一是”，引出原因）, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking（定语从句）.

知识点（1）

for one thing … for another … 原因之一是… 另一个原因是…

※ 对话：

※ "Why won't you come to New York with me?"

※ "For one thing, I don't like flying, and for another, I can't afford it." 

【复习】

on the one hand ... on the other (hand) … 一方面是… 另一方面是…（表转折）

※ On the one hand I'd like a job which pays more, but on the other (hand) I enjoy the work I'm doing at the moment.

not that …, but that … 不是因为… 而是因为…（平行结构、要求对仗）

※ Not that I love Caesar less, but that I love Rome more. —— Shakespeare ‘Julius Caesar’

※ Not that I love you less, but that I love liberty more.

※ Not that I love my teacher less, but that I love truth more.

It is not that … but (that) … 不是因为… 而是因为…

※ It was not that I actually remembered anything at all. But my father had described over and over again what we should see at every milestone, after leaving the nearest town, …

※ 考研英语（英译汉）：

※ It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.

※ 翻译：这不是因为在第一种磅秤与另一种天平的构造原理或工作方式不同； 而是因为后者是一种更精密的多的仪器，当然在测量上比前者更准确。

知识点（2）Lesson04-02

be engaged in sth. / doing 忙于某事

※ How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf?

I find young people exciting.

知识点（1）

find （书面语）= think、feel

They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort.

知识点（1）

air 风度、气质、气场

知识点（2）

dreary = boring、monotonous

They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things.

All this seems to me to link them with life and the origins of things.

All this seems to me（插入语） to link them with life（with的宾语） and the origins of things（with的宾语）.

It's as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures.

It's as if they were（虚拟语气）, in some sense（插入语，某种意义来说）, cosmic beings in violent（强烈地） and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures（介词短语做比较状语）. （as if… 表语从句）

知识点（1）

*虚拟语气知识点（2）*Lesson03-33、Lesson03-77

语法：as if / as though 从句中表达与事实相反或可能性很小时，可以用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反用一般过去时（be 动词一般用 were），与过去事实相反用过去完成时，与未来趋势相反用 would / should / could / might + 动词原形

※ Don’t act as if you were the only pebble on the beach. 不要自视太高

※ It is as if a single unimportant event set(过去式，虚拟语气，与现在事实相反) up a chain of reactions.

※ As if this were(过去式，虚拟语气，与现在事实相反) not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing three guests to dinner.

※ I felt as if I had stumbled(过去完成时，虚拟语气，与过去事实相反)  into a nightmare country, as you sometimes do in dreams. 

※ It looks as if it might(虚拟语气，与未来趋势相反)  rain.

注意，as if / as though从句中虚拟语气为进行时的时候，一般都用were doing 的形式。

※ 'Oh, that,' he said with a smile as if he were talking about an old friend.

※ Suddenly, the knocking turned to a forceful banging, as if someone were hitting the door with a metal rod. (The Da Vinci Code)

※ It looks as if he were talking to someone invisible.

知识点（2）

in some sense 在某种意义上来说

※ I think he may be right in some sense. 

【扩展】【复习】

to some degree / extent 某种程度上来说

※ I agree with you to some degree / extent. 

in some measure 在某种程度上来说

※ The true value of a human being is determined primarily by the measure and the sense in which he has attained liberation from the self. ——Albert Einstein

知识点（3）

be 有；存在

human being 人类

intelligent being 智慧生物

alien being 外星人

※ To be, or not to be: that is the question. ——William Shakespeare

※ 生存、毁灭：这还是个问题

※ I think therefore I am.—— René Descartes

※ 我思顾我在

※ Being and Nothingness —— Jean Paul Sartre

※ 存在与虚无

知识点（4）

【近义词组】表达“与…对比”：

in / by + contrast + to / with … 

in / by + comparison + to / with … 

compared to / with …

All that is in my mind when I meet a young person.

知识点（1）

be in one’s mind 记在心中

【辨析】

be on one’s mind 牵挂着

He may be conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect for elders -- as if mere age were a reason for respect.

He may be conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect of elders（改变语序）—as if mere age were（虚拟语气） a reason for respect（方式状语从句）. 

知识点（1）Lesson03-53

非谓语动词做形容词

ill adv. badly 

※ ill-treated animals

※ ill-bred

※ ill-advised

※ ill-mannered 

※ ill-educated

※ ill-tempered

【反义】

※ well-bred 

※ well-advised 

※ well-informed

※ well-intentioned

※ Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who was such faith in the bottle of medicine. 

知识点（2）

turn to … for … 向…（前者） 寻求…（后者）

※ The child turned to his mother for comfort.

※ The refugees turned to the embassy for protection.

※ He had to turn to his brother for help, because his brother is the only person he could trust. 

※ He had to turn for help（改变语序） to his brother, the only person he could trust.（更简洁）

【复习】Lesson04-01、Lesson04-04改变语序

※ The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. 

知识点（3）

age n.老年；陈年；破旧；老化

※ An idle youth, a needy age.

I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.

I accept that we are equals（宾语从句）, and I will argue with him, as an equal（插入语）, if I think he is wrong（if... 条件状语从句）. 

（课文总结）
课文总结

写作题材：Claim-Response Pattern主张反应模式

claim 给出某人的观点

response 给出作者自己的响应，或支持、或反对、或半支持半反对

reasons for response  对理由进行分析解释

relevant example(s) 举出相关例子

reaffirmation 进一步强调加强作者的响应